The objective of this study was to evaluate the possible effects of manganese (Mn) exposure on variations of cortisol levels in Garra gotyla gotyla. LC50 value of manganese after 96 hours was found to be 3.2mg/l for Garra gotyla gotyla. Three replicates of 10 fishes were subjected to three sub-lethal concentrations of manganese i.e. 0.64mg/l, 1.28mg/l and 1.92mg/l (20%, 40% and 60% respectively...

The shape of the distal humerus in Homo, Pan (P. paniscus and P. troglodytes), Gorilla, and six australopithecines is compared using a geometric approach (Procrustes superimposition of landmarks). Fourteen landmarks are defined on the humerus in a two-dimensional space. Principal components analysis (PCA) is performed on all superimposed coordinates. I have chosen to discuss the precise place o...

Internally transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of ribosomal DNA are widely used in reconstructing phylogenies at lower taxonomic levels (see, e.g., Vilgalys and Sun 1994; Baldwin et al. 1995). Ribosomal genes are tandemly repeated, and the paralogs are usually identical due to a poorly understood process of concerted evolution. Proposed mechanisms of concerted evolution include unequal crossing ov...