the promotion of oil and gas industry of a country or region requires foreign and longterm investments. ensuring demand security constitutes one of the major driving forces for promoting investments in oil and gas sectors. our main question is to understand the upcoming energy demand security in the caspian markets. just like supply security, energy demand security cannot be affected mainly by ...

In hydrocracking and other foaming reactors, the foam rises to the top because it has a higher gas fraction than the bubbly mixture from which it comes. The high gas hold-up in foams is undesirable in chemical reactors because it strongly decreases the liquid residence time and in hydrocracking reactors also promotes the formation of coke. To study foams we built a cold slit bubble reactor whic...

The optimised design of gas cyclones is of particular relevance for the recovery of highly valuable products, such as in the production of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) through drying systems such as spray or fluid bed drying [1]. Traditionally, these have been captured with reverse flow gas cyclones, but fine and low density particles remain difficult to capture [2]. Bagfilters, alth...

PURPOSE To image respiratory dynamics and three-dimensional (3D) ventilation during inhalation, breath-hold, and exhalation for evaluation of obstructive lung disease using a single dose of hyperpolarized (HP) He-3 during MRI. MATERIALS AND METHODS A single 2D-3D projections inside Z encoding (PRIZE)-2D acquisition was performed that consisted of a rapid 2D radial acquisition phase during inh...

Figure 1: Subject comparison between different helium retention phenotypes. Images a and d are coronal maximum intensity projections (MIP) for end breath hold volumes and b and e are post forced exhalation volumes. Subject A shows significant gas retention in the basal lung, which results in a high skewness value (c). Gas retention in subject B is distributed relatively uniformly, which results...

Causal and Noncausal discrete{time transfer functions for some discrete{time system with zero order hold (ZOH), rst order hold (FOH) or ideal sampler are distinguished and described. In the case of ZOH or FOH the discussed notions are essential for the system with a continuous time plant described by the rational proper transfer function with the order of numerator equal to that of the denomina...

Traditional jitter-noise analysis which mainly focuses on the clock jitter errors for impulse-sampled signals cannot accurately model the sampled-data systems that practically include nonuniform sample-and-hold effects. This paper presents a comprehensive and robust analysis of the imperfections of nonuniformly sampled-and-held signals due to clock jitter. Both the general signal to overall jit...