The traditional Dutch way to deal with piping failure in river dikes is the implementation of piping berms. The disadvantage of such a measure is the required inland space. Relief wells, on the other hand, require less or no inland space representing an attractive alternative solution. The aims of this paper are first, to show how reliability analysis of relief wells systems can be carried out,...

The characteristics of acoustic wave transmitting in a metamaterial-type seawater piping system are studied. The metamaterial pipe, which consists of a uniform pipe with air-water chamber Helmholtz resonators (HRs) mounted periodically along its axial direction, could generate a wide band gap in the low-frequency range, rendering the propagation of low-frequency acoustic waves in the piping sys...

Temperature Classifications..................................................... 12.1 CLOSED WATER SYSTEMS.................................................... 12.2 Method of Design ..................................................................... 12.2 Thermal Components ............................................................... 12.2 Hydraulic Components ...................................

Oil return from the evaporator to the compressor suction port is an important requirement. It is affected by the refrigerant/lubricant properties, gas velocities and piping geometry. The refrigerant R -134a has successfully replaced R-12 in household refrigerators and freezers. This paper describes a test method to estimate the mean oil film thickness and to observe the flow pattern in vertical...

A recent audit of oil and gas (O&G) production and process facilities (P&PFs) functioning on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS) revealed that inadequate classification of equipment tends to increase the probability of maintenance induced failures. Hence, to mitigate the problem, this manuscript suggests a fuzzy inference system (FIS) to further revise and fine-tune an existing static mechani...

Corrosion under insulation (CUI) is defined as any form of external corrosion that occurs on the underlying metal beneath insulated equipment, due to water ingress through layer. This type frequently observed in oil and gas production, where piping prevalent, has historically remained a predominant materials integrity issue. The prediction direct visualisation CUI are challenging tasks because ...