Regional Trading Arrangements (RTAs) have always posed problems for the GATT/WTO. Although during the negotiations leading up to the GATT it appeared as if tight restrictions would be placed on the creation of RTAs, in the event US foreign policy considerations led to much weaker rules being adopted. And since then, geo-political forces have prevented the system from enforcing even these weaker...

Earlier Sections in this Report have sought to understand why international cooperation in trade matters seems to make sense to governments and how such cooperation translates into institutions and rules. We will now focus on the main achievements of multilateral trade cooperation over the last six decades and explore some of the core challenges and issues that the system faces today. The Secti...

Although the concept "likeness" is of vital importance in article III GATT, there no clear definition it. Historically, appellate body has used two methods interpretation, first border tax adjustment approach, then early 1990 s, it was replaced by aim and effects approach. Soon after, however, approach abolished brought back again.

Abstract State-Owned Enterprise (SOEs) are business entities owned by governments. Unlike private enterprises which operate on profit-motivation, SOEs often act motives different from profit-making such as fulfilment of governmental or political purposes. Due to this peculiar feature, activities sometime disruptive competitive market. In order regulate so that international market would not be ...

* Ronald Koenig Term Assistant Professor of Legal Studies, The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. A.B., Harvard University; J.D., LL.M. (foreign and international law), Duke University. 1 The World Trade Organization came into existence on January 1, 1995. It was the culmination of over seven years of multilateral trade negotiations known as the Uruguay Round. The Uruguay Round c...