Abstract Is there a legitimate basis for religious exemptions from laws that prohibit gender identity discrimination on the of people’s beliefs? The author argues much depends upon how dysphoria is understood. If it seen as problem requiring medical diagnosis and treatment, then arguably no discrimination, except in few situations where being biological male or female theologically essential to...

This paper examines the effect of foreign trade induced product market competition, upon workplace gender discrimination in urban Mexico as measured by the gender earnings differential. More than four decades ago, Becker argued that labour market discrimination was economically inefficient in that discriminating firms must forego a quantity of profit. Thus, firms with more market power, i.e., f...