In addition to the new cirrus cloud scheme described in Sect. 2.2, a prognostic cloud droplet number concentration (nl) equation for liquid clouds is added in the version of CAM3 used in this study compared with the version used in Liu et al. (2007a). Together with the prognostic liquid water mass (ql), ice water mass (qi), and ice crystal number concentration (ni), the complete set of equation...

A parameterisation of the soot aging for global climate models N. Riemer, H. Vogel, and B. Vogel Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of California, Davis, USA Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany Received: 2 March 2004 – Accepted: 29 March 2004 – Published: 16 April 2004 Correspondence to: B. Vogel (bernhard....

In this paper we review neglected issues of simultaneous statistical inference and statistical power in survey research applications of the general linear model, and we find that classical hypothesis testing as it is currently applied, is inadequate for the purposes of social research. The intelligent use of statistical inference demands control over the overall level of Type I error and knowle...

SUMMARY We derive the joint distribution of the sequence of estimates of the parameter vector in a normal general linear model when data accumulate over a series of analyses. This sequence of estimates has a remarkably simple covariance structure, even when observations are correlated, allowing standard group sequential tests to be applied in very general settings. If variances and covariances ...

[1] Mars Global Surveyor is providing the first observations of transient eddies in the southern hemisphere of Mars. We derive basic properties of the traveling eddies that appear in midwinter (Ls = 134 –148 ) through analysis of radio occultation measurements at 67 –70 S latitude. The dominant mode has a period of 2 solar days and a zonal wavenumber s = 3. Strong zonal variations in eddy ampli...

Article history: Nd isotopic compositions o Received 19 November 2007 Received in revised form 20 May 2008 Accepted 21 May 2008 Available online 5 June 2008 Editor: H. Elderfield

The flow which constitutes the conveyor belt in the Hamburg large-scale geostrophic ocean general circulation model has been investigated with the help of a particle tracking method. In the region of North Atlantic Deep Water formation a thousand trajectories were calculated backward in time to the point where they upwell from the deep ocean. Both the three-dimensional velocity field and convec...

In one of the most complex Earth science inverse modeling initiatives, the Estimation of the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO) project is developing greatly improved estimates of the three-dimensional, time-evolving state of the global oceans [1, 2]. To this end, the project is applying extimation/optimal control techniques to constrain a state-of-the-art parallel general circulation ...