Climate change is the alteration of climate directly or indirectly caused by human activities that modify the composition of the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases (GHG), particularly CO2, are accumulating in the atmosphere, with the consequent warming. Global mean temperature has risen since preindustrial times, with most of the warming occurring in the last three decades. The consequence are increa...

This study evaluates the regional and sectoral CO2 emissions estimated by different CO2 emissions accounting methodologies around 2050 under different CO2 reduction scenarios. The production-based measurement of CO2 emissions is based on polluter pays principle, while the consumption-based measurement is based on beneficiary pays principle. In the field of global warming, the widely used method...

Geoengineering (the intentional modification of Earth's climate) has been proposed as a means of reducing CO2-induced climate warming while greenhouse gas emissions continue. Most proposals involve managing incoming solar radiation such that future greenhouse gas forcing is counteracted by reduced solar forcing. In this study, we assess the transient climate response to geoengineering under a b...

1 Background Global warming has been getting more serious and made many countries consider measures for reducing CO2 emissions (IPCC 2015). For this reason, global warming is an urgent issue to address through effective CO2 emission reduction policies. Considering global CO2 emissions in 2013 by sector, the second largest volume comes from the transportation sector, which accounts for 23% of th...

introduction earth's atmosphere plays an important role in preventing the temperature decrease. one of the principal factors of environmental pollution and the main source of earth's climate and biodiversity changes is greenhouse gas emissions from various sources, particularly agricultural sector. agriculture sector is considered as a major source of greenhouse gas sequestration, including me...

The net impact of human nitrogen (N) fixation on climate (ignoring short-lived components) mainly depends on the magnitude of the warming effect of (direct and indirect) nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and the cooling effect of N-induced carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake. N-induced CO2 uptake is caused by anthropogenic N deposition which increases net primary production (NPP) in N-limited ecosystems an...

The growing environmental challenge of electrical energy systems has prompted a substantial increase in renewable energy generation. Such generation systems allow for significant reduction of CO2 emissions compared with a traditional fossil fuel plant. Furthermore, several improvements in power systems network configuration and operation combined with new technologies have enabled reduction of ...

In recent years, global warming has been a major issue due to continuous growth of greenhouse gas emissions from different sources. It has been estimated that the global average temperature will rise between 1.4 –5.8 °C by the year 2100 (Williams, 2002). The contributors to greenhouse effects are carbon dioxide (CO2), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). The contr...

Climate warming during the course of the twenty-first century is projected to be between 1.0 and 3.7°C depending on future greenhouse gas emissions, based on the ensemble-mean results of state-of-the-art Earth System Models (ESMs). Just how reliable are these projections, given the complexity of the climate system? The early history of climate research provides insight into the understanding an...