12 Women, we need to be courageous Illuminée munyabugingo My name is Illuminée Munyabugingo. The 1994 genocide against Tutsis happened when I was thirty-four years old. I was born in Kigali in a camp for internally displaced persons. My family had moved there from Eastern Province because of the 1959 massacres of Tutsis. We were a family with sixteen children. During the 1959 massacres, the hou...

I was born in the Southern Province of Rwanda. My parents were cattle keepers. We were ten children. We are now four because the other six died during the genocide. Before the genocide, I never experienced any violence. The first time I encountered violence was during the genocide, when I was nineteen years old. I was raped and I gave birth to a child of the Interahamwe. I have good memories of...

The lessons of the history past genocidal incidents expose that educated and leaders, collectively called ‘intellectuals’, have often been a distinct target by perpetrators. Bengali intellectuals were also targeted killed Pakistani military its local collaborators during 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War. As genocide, committed collaborators, is still internationally overlooked, issue killing such...

The article critically reviews the existing literature on genocide and mass violence and divides it according to different levels of analysis: macro, meso, and micro levels. We discuss the main theories and findings at each level of analysis and suggest avenues for further research. We argue that the literature on genocide should pay more attention to meso and micro levels of analysis. We also ...

This article reviews social scientific research on the occurrence of genocide and mass killing, focusing on the underlying, contributing processes. Relevant studies are grouped by their primary analytic focus: (a) macro-level state and institutional processes, (b) political elites and policy decisions, (c) nonelite perpetrator motivation and participation, (d ) social construction of victimgrou...

The Armenian Genocide, which took place from 1915 to 1917, is one of the most crucial events defining character both final period Ottoman Empire and southern front World War I. It also a core identity reference for Armenians matter memory dispute with Turkish Republic. Since 1970s, it has been relevant research space historians. Surprisingly, in Polish historiography, subject only marginally ad...

OBJECTIVES To investigate mental health effects associated with exposure to trauma in Rwanda during the 1994 genocide period, and over the lifetime, in Rwandan men and women aged 20-35 years. SETTING This was a cross-sectional population-based study conducted in the southern province of Rwanda. Data was collected during December 2011 to January 2012. PARTICIPANTS A total population of 917 i...

33 When I was still young, my parents used to tell us how our family had been deported by the government from Ruhengeri to Nyamata in 1959, when massacres based on ethnic conflicts happened for the first time in Rwanda. My father also told us that the whole region of Bugesera had been a forest and that there were many animals there. Most of my relatives who had been forced into the forest by th...

‘In the present Convention, genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: (a) Killing members of the group; (b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; (c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in ...