ASSTRACT.--Intraspecific variation in plumage was used to test the null hypotheses that geographic variation in 280 species of elevationally restricted Andean forest birds is independent of elevation and is not a function of patchy geographic distribution. Both null hypotheses were rejected. At most taxonomic levels, geographic variation in plumage was correlated positively with both the mean o...

/ Spatially explicit models that combine remote sensing with geographic information systems (GIS) offer great promise to land managers because they consider the arrangement of landscape elements in time and space. Their visual and geographic nature facilitate the comparison of alternative landscape designs. Among various activities associated with forest management, none cause greater concern t...