Accurately measuring the in situ hydraulic conductivity (permeability) of a clay liner is a major factor in the construction of landfill containment systems. Laboratory and large-scale field test methods are often utilized on test pads constructed prior to placement of the production liner to determine the hydraulic conductivity of the clay. While these test methods provide reliable results, th...

Expansive soils are considered to be the one of the highly problematic soil. These soils undergo large volume change based on the amount of moisture content.. Because of this behaviour, lightly loaded civil engineering structures founded on the expansive soils gets severely damaged. There are several mitigating techniques available to counteract the problems posed by the expansive soils. In rec...