Anatomy Shoulder stability is the end result of the shoulder stabilizing structures working properly together. The constraints on shoulder motion can be divided into static stabilizers and dynamic stabilizers (Table 1). Static stability is chiefly maintained by joint congruency, the labrum, and the shoulder ligaments. The glenohumeral joint is a ball and shallow socket joint with a constant mis...

Treatment of young, active persons with symptomatic cartilage lesions of the glenohumeral joint represents a significant challenge. Diagnosis of glenohumeral chondral defects is not always straightforward and effective treatment requires familiarity with a number of techniques. Low-demand individuals may accept palliative therapy in the form of arthroscopic debridement as a temporizing solution...

BACKGROUND Many prior studies have evaluated shoulder motion, yet no three-dimensional analysis comparing the combined clavicular, scapular, and humeral motion during arm elevation has been done. We aimed to describe and compare dynamic three-dimensional motion of the shoulder complex during raising and lowering the arm across three distinct elevation planes (flexion, scapular plane abduction, ...

Computed tomography (CT) immediately after double-contrast shoulder arthrography was taken in twenty-two young male patients with anterior shoulder instability including recurrent dislocation and subluxation. This recently developed technique called CT arthrography can provide significant information about patients with glenohumeral instability which is difficult to obtain by conventional arthr...

Simultaneous, bilateral, anterior dislocations of the glenohumeral joint are rare, most attributable to major trauma. Seizure disorders and electrocution are a common cause of glenohumeral and fracture dislocations although these are most commonly posterior injuries. We present an interesting case report of diagnosis and treatment of an active duty sailor with bilateral anterior shoulder fractu...

Advancing technology, improved instrumentation, and a desire to address intra-articular pathology with a minimally invasive approach have driven the expansion of arthroscopic shoulder surgery in the past 2 decades. Proponents cite greatly improved visualization, lack of the need to perform a capsulotomy, fewer subscapularis issues postoperatively, and improved access to the entire glenohumeral ...

We studied 100 fresh human shoulders in cadavers (mean age 76 years), and the range of passive abduction (RPA) in 100 volunteers with normal shoulders and in 90 patients with instability of the joint, over a period of six years. The anatomical and clinical findings showed that passive abduction occurs within the glenohumeral joint only, is controlled by the inferior glenohumeral ligament and ha...

In the high-performance athlete, acquired thickening of the posterior joint capsule is a proposed etiology for glenohumeral internal rotational deficit (GIRD). The purpose of this study was to present our MR arthrographic imaging observations of posterior capsular thickening in professional baseball players who present with reduced throwing velocity related to pain and clinical findings of inte...

BACKGROUND Physical therapy (PT) is often prescribed for patients with rotator cuff tears. The extent to which PT influences strength, range of motion (ROM), and patient-reported outcomes has been studied extensively, but the effect of PT on in vivo joint kinematics is not well understood. PURPOSE To assess the influence of symptomatic rotator cuff pathology and the effects of PT on shoulder ...

OBJECTIVE To investigate passive and active glenohumeral stiffness in the anterior, posterior, superior, and inferior directions at different lateral positions of the humerus. DESIGN Glenohumeral stiffness along multiple axes was determined in fresh-frozen shoulder specimens under both passive (no simulated muscle contraction) and active (with simulated muscle contraction) conditions. BACKG...