[1] The global distribution of tropospheric ozone (O3) depends on the emission of precursors, chemistry, and transport. For small perturbations to emissions, the global radiative forcing resulting from changes in O3 can be expressed as a sum of forcings from emission changes in different regions. Tropospheric O3 is considered in present climate policies only through the inclusion of indirect ef...

The global forcing number of a graph G is the minimal cardinality an edge subset discriminating all perfect matchings G, denoted by gf(G). For matching M S⊆E(G)∖M such that G−S has unique called anti-forcing M. maximum among Af(G). It known hexagonal system equals famous Fries number. bipartite we show gf(G)≥Af(G). Next extend result to Birkhoff–von Neumann graphs, whose polytopes are character...

Changes in atmospheric composition, such as increasing greenhouse gases, cause an initial radiative imbalance to the climate system, quantified instantaneous forcing. This fundamental metric has not been directly observed globally and previous estimates have come from models. In part, this is because current space-based instruments cannot distinguish forcing climate’s response. We apply kernels...

For a connected graph G = (V,E), a set W ⊆ V is called a Steiner set of G if every vertex of G is contained in a Steiner W -tree of G. The Steiner number s(G) of G is the minimum cardinality of its Steiner sets and any Steiner set of cardinality s(G) is a minimum Steiner set of G. For a minimum Steiner set W of G, a subset T ⊆ W is called a forcing subset for W if W is the unique minimum Steine...

The class forcing theorem, which asserts that every class forcing notion P admits a forcing relation P, that is, a relation satisfying the forcing relation recursion—it follows that statements true in the corresponding forcing extensions are forced and forced statements are true—is equivalent over Gödel-Bernays set theory GBC to the principle of elementary transfinite recursion ETROrd for class...

Introduction Conclusions References

The problem of locating the global optimum of functions is studied in a dynamic setting. The dynamics of simple multistable systems under the influence of chaotic forcing is investigated. When the magnitude of the forcing signal decays slowly, it is shown that the system attains an equilibrium state, which corresponds to the global optimum of the corresponding multimodal potential function. The...