Theorem 1 If GI is NP-complete, then the polynomial hierarchy collapses (specifically, PH = Σ2). Proof We first observe that AM ⊆ Π2 (why?). Now, assume GI is NP-complete. Then GNI is coNP-complete and hence (since GNI ∈ AM) we have coNP ⊆ AM. We show that this implies Σ2 ⊆ AM ⊆ Π2 and hence PH = Σ2. Say L ∈ Σ2. Then by definition of Σ2, there is a language L′ ∈ Π1 = coNP such that: (1) if x ∈ ...

AIMS To ascertain the clinical relevance of a strain of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from the stool of a bone marrow transplant recipient with diarrhoea. The isolate could not be identified to the genus level by conventional phenotypic methods and required 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing for full identification. METHODS The isolate was investigated phenotypically by standard biochemic...

BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate the perception of lay people regarding determinants of health at global level and factors affecting it. METHODS Data was collected from International Social Survey Program (ISSP) and World Bank website. Multilevel regression analysis was done and lay people's perception regarding health behavior, environment, poverty and genes as health determinants was...

BACKGROUND The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) identified trends in the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis and eczema over a seven-year period. We hypothesised that environmental influences on the three diseases are different and therefore investigated the correlation over time between trends in the prevalence of these diseases and their combi...

Many environmental factors contribute to the rise in prevalence of obesity in populations but one key driver is urbanization. Countries in Southeast (SE) Asia have undergone rapid changes in urbanization in recent decades. The aim of this study is to provide a systematic review of studies exploring the relationship between living in an urban or rural environment (urbanicity) and obesity in Sout...

METHODS Data on prevalence of hypertension were derived from a systematic search of literature published between 1975 and 2014 with corresponding national estimates on HIV prevalence and antiretroviral therapy (ART) coverage from the Demographic and Health Surveys and the joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS databases. National estimates on gross national income (GNI) and under-five morta...

BACKGROUND We sought to demonstrate that the relationship between urban or rural residence and overweight status among women in Sub-Saharan Africa is complex and confounded by wealth status. METHODS We applied multilevel logistic regression to data from 30 sub-Saharan African countries which were collected between 2006 and 2012 to examine the association between women's overweight status (bod...

The Google News Initiative (GNI) aims to collaborate closely with the news industry and financially support creation of quality journalism in digital age. It also bring technological advancements innovation into newsrooms’ operations. Drawing on responsible theories, this study examines GNI beneficiaries Africa Middle East. To address this, we analysed projects’ descriptions combined thirteen (...

Understanding the determinants of health is essential for designing effective strategies to advance economic growth, reduce disease and disability, enhance quality life. We undertake a comprehensive outlook on public by incorporating three metrics — life expectancy (LE), healthy (HLE), discrepancy between two. investigate effects various socio-economic factors these employ causal machine learni...