Integrated field studies on environmental levels, bioavailability, biological exposure, and effects SUMMARY Iron-ore is the source of primary iron for the world's iron and steel industries. Almost all (98%) iron-ore is used in steelmaking. Australia and Brazil together dominate the world's iron-ore production, while China is the world's largest iron-ore consumer. In Brazil, iron-ore mining is m...

The iron mining regions of Brazil contain thousands of “iron ore caves” (IOCs) that form within Fe(III)-rich deposits. The mechanisms by which these IOCs form remain unclear, but the reductive dissolution of Fe(III) (hydr)oxides by Fe(III) reducing bacteria (FeRB) could provide a microbiological mechanism for their formation. We evaluated the susceptibility of Fe(III) deposits associated with t...

Purpose is to develop a unified mathematical model assess energy efficiency of water inflow-drainage process as the real variant stochastic method for pumping from underground workings iron-ore mines. Methods. The research was based upon methods probability theory well modelling methods. function integration has been reduced summation its ordinates and further transition proper boundary. Findin...

INTRODUCTION The field trip today will concentrate mostly on the metamorphic effects on the Biwabik Iron Formation, at the Peter Mitchell mine of eastern Mesabi Iron Range, caused by intrusion of the nearby Mesoproterozoic Duluth Complex (1.1 Ga). The stratigraphy of the iron-formation that is used at this mine, and nearby mines, was mainly developed by Gundersen and Schwartz (1962) and is depi...

Motivated by an underground mining operation at Kiruna, Sweden, we formulate a mixed integer program to schedule iron ore production over multiple time periods. Our optimization model determines an operationally feasible ore extraction sequence that minimizes deviations from planned production quantities. The number of binary decision variables in our model is large enough that directly solving...

The bioleachings of chalcopyrite ore were compared after inoculating different cultures enriched from the original acid mine drainage sample. The results showed that the higher bioleaching performance was achieved for inoculation with the enrichment D (0.5 % S, 2 % iron and 1 % chalcopyrite) compared to other enrichment systems. The generated ferric precipitation during bioleaching had a key in...