Syntax Tree Concrete Syntax Model Abstract Syntax Model instance of instance of Textual Representation Parser input output Figure 1 Traditional language processing approach. sign process. In principle, it might not be even necessary for the language designer to have advanced knowledge on parser generators when following a model-driven language specification approach. • A full-blown model-driven...

The research presented in the paper is interdisciplinary nature. study object includes both key aspects of English grammar and modern approaches trends teaching grammar. suggested ‘’Four-dimensional model grammar’’ based on ‘’Three-dimensional model’’ teaching, which combines syntax, semantics pragmatics, consistent with methodological principles communicative approach language teaching. fourth...

In Construction Grammar, grammatical patterns are conventional pairings of form and meaning that are analogous to words. This article contrasts Construction Grammar with competing syntactic theories that are based on universal constraints and the projection properties of words. It reviews arguments for construction-based syntax derived from the following linguistic phenomena: semantic and synta...

We develop a grammar for Urdu in Grammatical Framework (GF). GF is a programming language for defining multilingual grammar applications. GF resource grammar library currently supports 16 languages. These grammars follow an Interlingua approach and consist of morphology and syntax modules that cover a wide range of features of a language. In this paper we explore different syntactic features of...

Constructing a natural language dictionary and/or a grammar for computational use is a farreaching project, requiring very important human and material resources. Generalisation of the lexical approaches in natural language modelling confers an essential role to the dictionary in every system for automatic natural language processing. More and more information, which was traditionally encoded b...

An intelligible program diagram called Logichart has been developed for Prolog visualization. Its syntax rules and layout rules are formalized in terms of an attribute graph grammar. This grammar consists of a context–free graph grammar whose productions are defined in such a way as to formalize the graph–syntax rules of Logichart diagrams, and semantic rules which are defined in such a way tha...

The Grammatical Framework GF is a grammar formalism designed for multilingual grammars. A multilingual grammar has a shared representation, called abstract syntax, and a set of concrete syntaxes that map the abstract syntax to different languages. A GF grammar consists of modules, which can share code through inheritance, but which can also hide information to achieve division of labour between...

In this paper, we examine two main approaches to the syntax and semantics of itclefts as in ‘It was Ohno who won’: an expletive approach where the cleft pronoun is an expletive and the cleft clause bears a direct syntactic or semantic relation to the clefted constituent, and a discontinuous constituent approach where the cleft pronoun has a semantic content and the cleft clause bears a direct s...

The title of this book, Categorial Grammar: Logical Syntax, Semantics, and Processing, indicates that this will be a book about categorial grammar. In the preface, however, several strains of categorial grammar are discussed, including combinatory categorial grammar (Steedman 2000), pregroup grammar (Lambek 1999), and abstract categorial grammar (de Groote 2001), and it is clarified that the bo...