We report the case of a brain-damaged subject R.C. who is more impaired at producing grammatical forms of words and pseudo-words used as verbs (he judges, he wugs) than of the same words used as nouns (the judges, the wugs). This pattern of performance constitutes the first clear demonstration that grammatical knowledge about verbs can be selectively impaired following brain damage. A compariso...

Cross-linguistically, there are three grammatical devices to process the question mark j+Whi: the reduplication of certain elements in the predicate, Subject-Auxiliary Inversion, and the use of question particles. Also cross-linguistically, there are two devices for grammar to process the focus mark (+Focus]: the fronting of focused constituents and the insertion of a . Focus Marker such as the...

This study aims to improve the performance of identifying grammatical functions between an adnoun clause and a noun phrase in Korean. The key task is to determine the relation between the two constituents in terms of such functional categories as subject, object, adverbial, and appositive. The problem is mainly caused by the fact that functional morphemes, which are considered to be crucial for...

This paper deals with the voice system of Indonesian, and argues that certain of the constructions traditionally analysed as passives, should be given a different treatment, parallel to arguments by Kroeger (1993) for Tagalog. We examine the role of different conceptions of subject and their place in binding. We show that, unlike other Western Austronesian languages, the logical subject – l-sub...

In this paper we present an approach to train subatom embeddings for verbs. For each verb we learn not just one embedding, but several. One for the verb itself and embeddings for each grammatical role of this verb. For example, for the verb ‘to give’ we learn four embeddings: one for the lemma ‘give’, one for the subject, one for the direct object and one for the indirect object of it. We are e...

In a headed tree, each terminal word can be uniquely labeled with a governing word and grammatical relation. This labeling is a summary of a syntactic analysis which eliminates detail, reflects aspects of semantics, and for some grammatical relations (such as subject of finite verb) is nearly uncontroversial. We define a notion of expected governor markup, which sums vectors indexed by governor...

Written corrective feedback has been subject to increasing attention in recent years, in part because of the conceptual controversy surrounding it and in part because of its ubiquitous practice. This study takes a meta-analytic approach to synthesizing extant empirical research, including 21 primary studies. Guiding the analysis are two questions: Does written corrective feedback help to improv...

Signed languages display a variety of pointing signs that serve the functions of deictic and anaphoric pronouns, possessive and reflexive pronouns, demonstratives, locatives, determiners, body part labels, and verb agreement. We consider criteria for determining the linguistic status of pointing signs. Among those criteria are conventionality, indexicality, phonological compositionality, being ...

The notion of a “thematic role” has been an important one in linguistic theories concerning the syntax/semantics interface (Fillmore, 1968), but their effects on high-level cognition remain relatively unexplored. Thematic roles,like AGENT and PATIENT, are said to be linked with specific grammatical positions like that of “subject” and “direct object”. Here we ask if the link between grammatical...

Anterior negativities obtained when a grammatical rule is violated may reflect highly automatic first-pass parsing processes, the detection of a morphosyntactic mismatch, and/or the inability to assign the incoming word to the current phrase structure. However, for some theorists these negativities rather reflect some aspect of working memory processes. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) obt...