Bacillus spp. are Gram-positive spore-forming bacteria used commercially as probiotics in the larviculture of fish. Bacillus spp. can act positively on cultured organisms by enhancing their survival and growth, stimulating their digestive and immune systems, and improving water quality. In this present study, grass carp larvae were fed on Artemia urmiana, Artemia fransiscana and Artemia parthen...

In fish immunity, the regulatory role of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) has not been fully characterized. Here we examined the immunoregulatory effects of TGF-β1 in grass carp peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) and head kidney leukocytes (HKL). It is interesting that TGF-β1 consistently stimulated the cell viability and the mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Tnfα and Ifnγ) and T/...

effect of dietary mixture of prebiotic mannan oligosaccharide (mos) and β-1,3glucan, on growth performance, survival and body composition in grass carp juvenile (ctenopharyngodon idella) were investigated for 56 days. practical diets were supplemented with 0, 0.5, 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 g/kg mixture of mos and β-1,3glucan in a totally randomized design trial in triplicate groups. the experiment carri...

Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) are critical cytosolic sensors that trigger the production of interferons (IFNs). Though their recognition functions are well identified, their unique roles in the downstream signal transduction remain to be elucidated. Herein, we report the differential effect between grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idell...

In our previous study, NKB/NK3R system has been shown to act at the pituitary level to up-regulate SLα synthesis and secretion in grass carp. However, whether NK3R expression can serve as a regulatory target at the pituitary level and contribute to NKB interactions with other SLα regulators is still unclear. In current study, using grass carp pituitary cells as a model, we have a novel finding ...

Gonadotrophin regulation by activin/follistatin system is well-documented, but the corresponding effect on growth hormone (GH) has not been fully characterized and with little information available in lower vertebrates, especially in fish models. In grass carp, local interactions of GH and luteinizing hormone (LH) can induce GH release and gene expression at pituitary level via autocrine/paracr...

PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) were used to explore the relationship between eukaryotic plankton community succession and environmental factors in two aquaculture pond models with gibel carp Carassius auratus gibelio. The main culture species of pond 1 were gibel carp and grass carp, and the combined density was 46224 fingerling/ha...

The cellulose-rich walls that protect plant cells are difficult to digest, and therefore mechanical food processing is a key aspect of herbivory across vertebrates. Cell walls are typically broken down by translation of flattened teeth in the occlusal plane (i.e. grinding) as part of a complex, rhythmic chewing stroke. The grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella, is a voracious, invasive herbivorou...

BACKGROUND Fish are vulnerable to stress from over-crowding during transportation and eugenol is the most common sedative used to minimize fish injury. The ADI value of 2.5 mg/kg is recommended by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. The aim of this work was to study the elimination kinetics of eugenol following exposure of grass carp to a eugenol bath in a simulated transporta...