Subsurface drainage involves both intensity and capacity attributes. Intensity of subsurface drainage refers to how rapidly a root zone drains. Capacity, on the other hand, refers to the extent of excess (gravitational) water removal from the root zone. Consequently, discussions of putting green drainage often become confused since the expression improved drainage can imply improved drainage ca...

ticenter comparison of two norovirus ORF2-based genotyping protocols.multaneous detection and identifi cation of hepatitis A virus and rotavirus by mul-tiplex nucleic acid sequence-based am-plifi cation (NASBA) and microtiter plate hybridization system. Use of norovirus genotype profi les to differentiate origins of foodborne outbreaks. Estimation of norovirus infection risks to consumers of wa...

In this paper we explore one type of commons town and village greens which are an important feature of the rural and, increasingly, the urban, English landscape. Greens are an ancient form of commons, but they are increasingly recognised as having contemporary significance, particularly because of their potential to act as a reservoir for natural resources and their enjoyment. They are, in othe...

Detection of fecal contaminants on leafy greens in the field will allow for decreasing cross-contamination of produce during and post-harvest. Fecal contamination of leafy greens has been associated with Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 outbreaks and foodborne illnesses. In this study, passive field spectroscopy measuring reflectance and fluorescence created by the sun’s light, coupled with n...

This review includes an overview of the most important preventive measures along the farm to fork chain to prevent microbial contamination of leafy greens. It also includes the technological and managerial interventions related to primary production, postharvest handling, processing practices, distribution, and consumer handling to eliminate pathogens in leafy greens. When the microbiological r...

Contaminated fresh produce has been increasingly identified as a cause of foodborne illnesses. Because of concerns about pathogen growth on these food items at retail, the 2009 U.S. Food and Drug Administration Food Code established that cut leafy greens (lettuce, spinach, spring mix, cabbage, arugula, and kale) must have time and temperature controls for safety and hence should be kept at refr...

Daphnia p&x (Crustacea, Cladocera) was fed the blue-green algae (Cyanophyceae) Anacystis nidulans, Synechococcus elongata, S. cedrorum, Merismopedia sp., Anabaena flosaquae, Synechocystis sp., and Gloeocapsa alpicola. The green algae ( Chlorophyceae) Ankistrodesmus falcatus and Chlorella uulgaris were used for comparison. Direct observations were made of D. pulex feeding in depression slides fi...