This paper documents the sensitivity of the modeled evolution of the North American monsoon system (NAMS) to convective parameterization in terms of thermodynamic and circulation characteristics, stability profiles, and precipitation. The convective parameterization schemes (CPSs) of Betts–Miller–Janjic, Kain–Fritsch, and Grell were tested using version 3.4 of the PSU–NCAR fifth-generation Meso...

TUDIES of the control of recombination frequencies (abbreviated “RFs” ) have several aims: to determine how genetic and environmental controls of RFs operate, to provide information on the mechanism of recombination, and to find way of manipulating RFs to suit breeding programmes. The present study concerns details of the control system and the time, or times, in the meiotic cycle at which an e...

This paper describes the second part of a study to document the sensitivity of the modeled regional moisture flux patterns and hydrometeorological response of the North American monsoon system (NAMS) to convective parameterization. Use of the convective parameterization schemes of Betts–Miller–Janjic, Kain–Fritsch, and Grell was investigated during the initial phase of the 1999 NAMS using versi...

1. introduction considering the importance of lake urmia in the weather of northwest of iran, the present study, using dynamic modelling and simulation, investigates the consequences of the drying up of lake urmia on the climate parameter of downfall. 2. study area lake urima, considered the biggest pond in western asia, with a surface area of 5 thousand and 822 square kilometers, is the second...

Simulating high-intensity rainfall events that trigger local floods using a Numerical Weather Prediction model is challenging as rain-bearing systems are highly complex and localized. In this study, we analyze the performance of Research Forecasting (WRF) model’s capability in simulating event variety parameterization combinations over Kampala catchment, Uganda. The study uses caused flood haza...

This paper describes a new method for parameterizing the conversion of convective cloud liquid water to rainfall (‘‘autoconversion’’) that can be used within large-scale climatemodels, and evaluates the newmethod using the Regional Climate Model, version 3 (RegCM3), coupled to the land surface scheme Integrated Biosphere Simulator (IBIS). The new method is derived from observed distributions of...

A thorough understanding of the dynamics of cirrus cloud formation is needed in order to parameterize these clouds accurately in numerical models. The scales at which cirrus clouds develop affect their treatment within the coarse resolution climate models, which typically have grid-point separations on The model used for this experiment is the non-hydrostatic verthe order of 200 km. There is a ...

very recently, genes whose effects are described at the protein level uNzv! been unknown in Drosophila. Gel electrophoresis, however, has remedied this situation. Within the past few years, the following gene-enzyme systems have been elucidated by means of this technique: Amylase (KIKKAWA 1964), Esterase 6 (WRIGHT 1963), Esterase C (BECKMAN and JOHNSON 1964a), Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase ...

This article describes the development of tools for routine 4-dimensional variational data assimilation of Global Positioning System Slant Total Delay (STD) data in the framework of the MM5 system at the Institute of Physics and Meteorology of the University of Hohenheim. The Slant Total Delay forward operator is introduced which allows model validation and the assimilation in the Message-Passi...