Last October, when Susan Hubbard and her team pulled sleds full of sensitive sensors across the snow near the northernmost point in Alaska, temperatures hovered in the single digits and low teens (e.g., 8–15 °F). Foremost in the researchers’ minds, aside from collecting data on the frozen ground beneath their feet, were two things: keep an eye out for polar bears and keep their equipment from f...

the aim of this research is to classification of soil seed bank in populus caspica protected area. the study of above ground vegetation and soil seed bank were carried out with braun-blanquet and seedling emergence method respectively. results showed that size of soil seed bank in upper layer (713 seeds per m2) were significantly lower than depth layer (1163 per m2) but species richness from 42...

In this paper, we introduce a new method for cross-layer design in mobile ad hoc networks. We use fuzzy logic system (FLS) to coordinate physical layer, data-link layer and application layer for cross-layer design. Ground speed, average delay and packets successful transmission ratio are selected as antecedents for the FLS. The output of FLS provides adjusting factors for the AMC (Adaptive Modu...

In this paper, we introduce a new method for cross-layer design in mobile ad hoc networks. We use fuzzy logic system (FLS) to coordinate physical layer, data-link layer and application layer for cross-layer design. Ground speed, average delay and packets successful transmission ratio are selected as antecedents for the FLS. The output of FLS provides adjusting factors for the AMC (Adaptive Modu...

Macroscopic mechanical properties of digitigrade paw pads, such as non-linear elastic and variable stiffness, have been investigated in previous studies; however, little is known about the micro-scale structural characteristics of digitigrade paw pads, or the relationship between these characteristics and the exceptional cushioning of the pads. The digitigrade paw pad consists of a multi-layere...

We study the ground state and the collective excitations of parabolicallyconfined double-layer quantum dot systems in a strong magnetic field. We identify parameter regimes where electrons form maximum density droplet states, quantum-dot analogs of the incompressible states of the bulk integer quantum Hall effect. In these regimes the Hartree-Fock approximation and the time-dependent Hartree-Fo...

One of the most important reasons for damages during earthquakes is the liquefaction of loose and saturated sand soils. However, in many regions with proper soil specifications, the large settlements have been observed in the ground surface. Loose sand layers buried in fine soils are one of the cases which may result in these problems and as a weak point during earthquake can cause this phenome...

Macroscopic mechanical properties of digitigrade paw pads, such as non-linear elastic and variable stiffness, have been investigated in previous studies. However, little is known about the micro-scale structural characteristics of digitigrade paw pads or the relationship between these characteristics and the exceptional cushioning of the pads. The digitigrade paw pad consists of a multi-layered...