The study of how parasites adapt to new hosts is of great importance for understanding the emergence of new diseases. Here, we report a study of the anther smut disease on Gypsophila repens (Caryophyllaceae). In contrast to what is usually found on other host species, infected natural populations of G. repens are extremely rare. Moreover, symptoms of diseased plants are incomplete and highly va...

High carbon dioxide atmospheres combined with high temperature were effective for controlling Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) pupae. Pupae were exposed to atmospheres of 60, 80, or 98% carbon dioxide (CO2) in nitrogen (N2), or 60 or 80% CO2 in air at temperatures of 26.7 degrees C or 32.2 degrees C and 60% RH. Controlled atmosphere treatments at 32.2 degrees C controlled pupae ...

Recent DNA sequencing data have shown that J. flaccida var. flaccida, J. f. var. martinezii and J. f. var. poblana are polyphyletic taxa. Additional analysis using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) analyses for J. durangensis, J. flaccida var. flaccida, var. martinezii, and var. poblana, J. jaliscana, J. monticola and J. standleyi revealed exactly the same pattern of relationships as se...

Ait-Sahalia and Lo (2000) and Panigirtzoglou and Skiadopoulos (2004) have argued that Economic VaR (E-VaR), calculated under the option market implied risk neutral density is a more relevant measure of risk than historically based VaR. As industry practice requires VaR at high confidence level of 99%, we propose Extreme Economic Value at Risk (EE-VaR) as a new risk measure, based on the General...

Bromus setifolius var. pictus (Hook) Skottsb., B. setifolius var. setifolius Presl. and B.setifolius var. brevifolius Ness are three native Patagonian taxa in the section Pnigma Dumort of the genus Bromus L. AFLP and RAPD analysis, in conjunction with genetic distance measurements and statistical techniques, revealed variation within this group and indicated that B. setifolius var. brevifolius ...

A simple method for indoor and outdoor cultivation of Mesocyclops aspericornis, Macrocyclops albidus and Mesocyclops n. sp. copepods is presented. This method utilizes Chilomonas sp., Paramecium caudatum and fresh lettuce as food sources for copepod cultures. Steps for initiating and maintaining copepod cultures are provided.

The formulation of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction four-dimensional variational dataassimilation (4D-Var) system is described. Results of applying 4D-Var over a one-week assimilation period, with a full set of physical parametrizations, are presented and compared with those of 3D-Var. The linearization has been performed without simplifications and, therefore, the tangent-line...

Compact chromatin structure, induction of gene silencing in position-effect variegation (PEV), and crossing-over suppression are typical features of heterochromatin. To identify genes affecting crossing-over suppression by heterochromatin we tested PEV suppressor mutations for their effects on crossing over in pericentromeric regions of Drosophila autosomes. From the 46 mutations (28 loci) stud...

A variety of methods is available to estimate a portfolio’s Value-at-Risk. Aside from the overall VaR there is an apparent need for information about marginal VaR, component VaR and incremental VaR. Expressions for these VaR metrics have been derived under the restrictive normality assumption. In this paper we investigate these VaR concepts in an elliptical world and in a general distribution-f...