By using Neutrosophy and Quad-stage Method, the expansions of comparative literature include: comparative social sciences clusters, comparative natural sciences clusters, comparative interdisciplinary sciences clusters, and so on. Among them, comparative social sciences clusters include: comparative literature, comparative history, comparative philosophy, and so on; comparative natural sciences...

T his joint Special Issue by Science's Signal Trans-duction Knowledge Environment (STKE) and Science presents important developments in the sprawling field of signal transduction. (Signal transduction refers to the processes by which cells perceive their environment or internal status and react to such stimuli with appropriate physiological responses.) The Viewpoints in this issue of Science pr...

A common goal in biological sciences is to model a complex web of connections using a small number of interacting units. We present a general approach for dividing up elements in a spatial map based on their connectivity properties, allowing for the discovery of local regions underlying large-scale connectivity matrices. Our method is specifically designed to respect spatial layout and identify...

1 School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA 2 Public Lands Institute, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA 3 Arizona Game and Fish Department, Nongame Branch, Phoenix, AZ, USA 4 State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, USA 5 Department of Natural Sciences, Western New Mexico University, Silver Cit...

Nature is reacting to the activities of modern society in unique and largely unexpected ways. The spread of acidified rain to every continent, a worldwide decline of forested lands, and the ubiquitous presence of persistent organic pollutants due to industrial experiments in biochemistry suggest that the contemporary naturesociety relation includes phenomena unlike any that were previously know...