the mode of heat and mass transfer during baking of bakery products is an important factor determining the quality of the final product. the heating rate could alter the starch properties during gelatinization and affect the quality of products after baking and during aging. sangak is a kind of iranian flat bread baked on the hot pebble gravels. the aim of this study was to evaluate the impacts...

A slow pyrolysis of pinewood was investigated in this paper. Through the briquette process, the pinewood sawdust becomes molded biomass. The molded bio-char was produced from molded biomass with different pyrolysis factors, and the bio-char’s heating value, char yield rates, and physicochemical and morphological properties were investigated. Molded bio-char’s characteristics depended principall...

Recent papers discussing advection-dominated accretion Ñows (ADAF) as a solution for astrophysical accretion problems should be treated with some caution because of their uncertain physical basis. The suggestions underlying ADAF involve ignoring the magnetic Ðeld reconnection in heating of the plasma Ñow, assuming electron heating due only to binary Coulomb collisions with ions. Here we analyze...

Wood energy is derived from a variety of wood-based sources, the most prominent of which is the fuelwood obtained directly from trees and forests. The genus Acacia includes over 1,000 species spread all over the world. Six indigenous acacia species that grow naturally in the southwest region of Saudi Arabia were selected in November 2010 from the Abha and Al-Baha forests to determine the heatin...

Variability in the high latitude electric field has been identified as a major contributor to global Joule heating. Electric field patterns from the Assimilative Mapping of Ionospheric Electrodynamics (AMIE) procedure are used to characterize the E-field temporal variability over the course of 18 hours. The standard deviation of the E-field magnitude on May 4, 1998 often exceeds the average val...

A one-step synthesis of FePt nanoparticles is reported. The size, composition, and shape of the particles are controlled by varying the synthetic parameters such as molar ratio of stabilizers to metal precursor, addition sequence of the stabilizers and metal precursors, heating rate, heating temperature, and heating duration. An assembly of large (6 nm or greater) FePt nanoparticles, especially...

the environmental scanning electron microscopy (esem) is a new development in the field of electron microscopy. in this study esem has been used to study the structure of veal semimembranosus muscle. four treatments, raw (control), conventional heating, domestic and industrial microwave heating, were observed using esem. the temperature used in conventional heating was 163 0c. frequency app...

In this paper, the impacts of the uncertainty of fuel heating value as well as the burner efficiency on performance functions of a turbofan engine are studied. The mean value and variance curves for thrust, thrust specific fuel consumption as well as propulsive, thermal and overall efficiencies are drawn and analyzed, considering the aforementioned uncertainties based on various Mach numbers at...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Thermally mediated modalities of cartilage reshaping utilize localized heating of cartilage combined with mechanical deformation to achieve new geometries. We sought to determine the steady state elastic modulus of thermally modified cartilage without deformation, as this provides a constraint in mechanical models of the shape change process. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS A...

The classical D-value of first order inactivation kinetic is not suitable for quantifying bacterial heat resistance for non-log linear survival curves. One simple model derived from the Weibull cumulative function describes non-log linear kinetics of micro-organisms. The influences of environmental factors on Weibull model parameters, shape parameter "p" and scale parameter "delta", were studie...