The relationship between RHIC and HERA data is explored using the idea of saturation (color glass condensate) as a unifying framework for interpretation. A description of the early stages of a heavy ion collision is given consistent with the RHIC results. The relevant QCD dynamics at the various stages of a heavy ion collision, from production of gluons to equilibration, is reviewed. Some comme...

The parton recombination model has turned out to be a valuable tool to describe hadronization in high energy heavy ion collisions. I review the model and revisit recent progress in our understanding of hadron correlations. I also discuss higher Fock states in the hadrons, possible violations of the elliptic flow scaling and recombination effects in more dilute systems.

background : the present paper aims to study the effect of human and urban activities on the quality of groundwater within the city of khoy in terms of heavy metals, chemical salts, and minerals from the geological formations of this region. methods : samples were provided from 32 pumping wells and the concentration of heavy metals ( cd, cu, mn, pb, zn, fe, as, and b), the main ions (hco 3 ,so ...

the biosorption of heavy metals can be an effective process for the removal of such metal ions from aqueous solutions. in this study, the adsorption properties of nonliving biomass of phanerochaete chrysosporium for pb (ii) and zn (ii) were investigated by the use of batch adsorption techniques. the effects of initial metal ion concentration, initial ph, biosorbent concentration, stirring speed...

Co-precipitation procedure was applied in order to obtain different kinds of magnetic nanoadsobents for the removal of Pb(II) and Cu(II) toxic metal ions from wastewater samples. Prepared nanoadsorbents were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The average sizes of t...

The use of carbon ions for the treatment of certain tumour types, especially radioresistant tumours, is becoming more frequent due to the carbonion dose localization and high relative biological effectiveness (RBE) in the Bragg peak region. Human beings can also be exposed to heavy ions in space, since galactic cosmic rays are a mixed field consisting of not only high-energy protons and He ions...

We present a theoretical study of heavy ion acceleration from ultrathin (20 nm) gold foil irradiated by high-intensity sub-picosecond lasers. Using two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations, three laser systems are modeled that cover the range between femtosecond and picosecond pulses. By varying the laser pulse duration we observe a transition from radiation pressure acceleration (RPA) to t...

We develop a complete and consistent description for the hadron spectra from heavy ion collisions in terms of a few collective variables, in particular temperature, longitudinal and transverse flow. To achieve a meaningful comparison with presently available data, we also include the resonance decays into our picture. To disentangle the influences of transverse flow and resonance decays in the ...

We propose Kolmogorov-Smirnov test as a means for recognising event-by-event fluctuations of rapidity distributions in relativistic heavy ion collisions. Such fluctuations may be induced by the spinodal decomposition of the rapidly expanding system during the 1st order quark-hadron phase transition.

A QCD-based treatment of projectile size fluctuations is used to compute inelastic diffractive cross sections σdiff for coherent hadron-nuclear processes. We find that fluctuations near the average size give the major contribution to the cross section with ≤ few% contribution from small size configurations. The computed values of σdiff are consistent with the limited available data. The importa...