Background: Persian Medicine is one of the oldest and richest complementary and alternative options in the field of medicine and has a comprehensive medical system. Henna oil is recommended in Persian Medicine for the treatment of numerous women’s diseases such as cervicitis. To date, henna has been used for many medical purposes, including astringent, bleeding, cardioinhibitory, hypotension, a...

Lawsone a natural pigment present in the henna leaves has been used as a skin and hair dye since 1400 BC. The concentration of this natural compound in leaves varies from place to place depending upon many of the environmental factors and the highest quantity reported so far is about 1% of the dry mass. Heretofore, it has been reported that natural colored extracts and isolate from Henna leaves...

background & aim : pulse oximetry is a frequently used and standard non-invasive method for monitoring oxygen (o2)-saturation in blood. many factors including dark skin and pigmentation may effect on rate of saturation of the blood oxygen absorbed by pulse oximetry. the effect of nail polish and/or henna color on blood oxygen has not been yet identified and the present study has been carried ou...

INTRODUCTION In the last years there have been increasing reports of adverse cutaneous reactions to temporary black henna tattoos. Black henna does not exist naturally, it is obtained from original henna after the addition of other compounds, among them paraphenylenediamine (PPD), that darken it and facilitate the process of tattoing. Paraphenylenediamine is an aromatic compound that presents c...

Theory suggests that speciation is possible without physical isolation of populations (hereafter, nonallopatric speciation), but recent nonallopatric models need the support of irrefutable empirical examples. We collected snails (Littorina saxatilis) from three areas on the NW coast of Spain to investigate the population genetic structure of two ecotypes. Earlier studies suggest that these ecot...

Understanding the evolutionary history of contemporary animal groups is essential for conservation and management of endangered species like caribou (Rangifer tarandus). In central Canada, the ranges of two caribou subspecies (barren-ground/woodland caribou) and two woodland caribou ecotypes (boreal/eastern migratory) overlap. Our objectives were to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the e...

The CYP74B2 gene in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ecotype Columbia (Col) contains a 10-nucleotide deletion in its first exon that causes it to code for a truncated protein not containing the P450 signature typical of other CYP74B subfamily members. Compared to CYP74B2 transcripts in the Landsberg erecta (Ler) ecotype that code for full-length hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) protein, CYP74B2 tran...

Recent research has shown the potential for nonallopatric speciation, but we lack an adequate understanding of the mechanisms of prezygotic barriers and how these evolve in the presence of gene flow. The marine snail Littorina saxatilis has distinct ecotypes in different shore microhabitats. Ecotypes hybridize in contact zones, but gene flow is impeded by assortative mating. Earlier studies hav...

Background: The use of temporary henna tattoos has increased dramatically in recent years, especially in children and adolescents. To obtain a darker colour and prolong the life of the tattoo, red henna, a plant-derived substance, is typically added to para-phenylenediamine (PPD). The mixture is called temporary black henna tattoo (TBHT). Because of its molecular characteristics, PPD can induce...

Diabetic foot infections are one of the most dreadful and costly complications of diabetes. Efforts have recently focused on preventive measures. The balance of moisture in the neuropathic foot is critical and challenging. Whilst the interdigital areas should be kept dry to prevent maceration and subsequent softening and thinning of the skin other areas of the foot should be managed for optimal...