knee infection after arthroscopic surgeries is rare but devastating complication. a serial knee joint infection occurred in our hospital after the contamination of arthroscopic equipments set with an unknown microorganism. herein we describe the natural course of these patients and suggest a treatment protocol according to the experiment gained from management of these patients.

chylothorax is an unusual cause of pleural effusion after the neonatal period in children without a previous history of cardiothoracic surgery. determination of the causes of this condition can be often challenging. herein, we present a case of a 6-month-old male infant, presenting with sudden severe breathlessness, which was later diagnosed as spontaneous left-sided chylothorax.

background calcium infusion is used as a pre-treatment before calcium channel blockers to prevent hypotension. occasional cardioversion with calcium gluconate infusion is seen in patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. several mechanisms have been suggested for mechanism. herein we report a case presenting with atrial fibrillation but cardioverted with calcium gluconate infusion,...

herein we describe a case of intraocular melanoma in a17-year old leukemic patient.   the history, histological findings of the enucleated eye, blood and bone marrow of the patient were investigated. the enucleated eye contained epitheloid cell type melanoma instead of leukemic cell infiltration.  we conclude that intraocular malignant melanoma can occur in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

recurrent spontaneous rupture of the urinary bladder has rarely been reported in english articles. this condition may be difficult to diagnosis before a laparotomy due to acute peritonitis. herein we describe a case of recurrent spontaneous rupture of the bladder in a 39-year-old woman with human t-lymphotropic virus type 1 (htlv-1) -associated myelopathy/topical spastic paraparesis (ham/tsp).

echocardiography is a non-invasive diagnostic technique which provides information on cardiac morphology, function, and hemodynamics. it is the most frequently used cardiovascular diagnostic test only after electrocardiography. in less than five decades, the evolution in this technique has made it the basic part of cardiovascular medicine. herein, the evolution of various forms of echocardiogra...

metastatic skin cancer is a rare complication of internal malignancies.  patients who develop cutaneous metastases rarely present with a zosteriform distribution.  herein, we describe a 65-year-old woman with a prior history of breast cancer in whom zosteriform metastases developed along her left t 8-9 abdominal dermatomes.

herein, we report the clinical, pathologic and photographic findings of a 16 year-old girl who presented with gradual enlargement of a vascularized, hemorrhagic peripapillary mass that eventually led to vitreous hemorrhage and rubeosis iridis. histopathological findings after enucleation were positive for retinoblastoma. the patient did not have any metastasis during her 20 months of follow up.

congenital hepatic fibrosis (chf) is a developmental disorder of the biliary system, characterized by defective remodeling of the ductal plate. herein a family of three children, from consanguineous parents, with minor thalassemia is presented who suffered from congenital hepatic fibrosis (chf). prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment are necessary to avoid further complications in the affec...

myiasis is a rare disease caused by infestation of tissue by larvae of flies. oral myiasis is still “rare” and “unique” owing to the fact that oral cavity rarely provides the necessary habitat for a larval lifecycle. herein, we present a case of extensive gingival myiasis in a 12-year-old mentally retarded, epileptic child as well as a literature review.