Oleander is very frequently planted as an ornamental shrub in urban areas of the Mediterranean. Its most common pest aphid Aphis nerii, and heavy infestations produce aesthetic damage disturbances to citizens, they are sprayed with insecticides order reduce population density. One alternative method conservation biological control which enhanced by provisioning food, refuges, reproduction sites...

An extensive survey of predatory Coccinellid beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) was conducted in the Chitral District, Pakistan, over a period of 7 months (April through October, 2001). A total of 2600 specimens of Coccinellids were collected from 12 different localities having altitudes from 1219.40-2651.63 m. Twelve different species belonging to 9 genera of 3 tribes and 2 sub-families were ...

We developed a computer program for life table analysis using the open source, free software programming environment R. It is useful to quantify chronic nonlethal effects of treatments on arthropod populations by summarizing information on their survival and fertility in key population parameters referred to as fertility life table parameters. Statistical inference on fertility life table param...

The implementation of an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program requires selecting and using chemicals which are least harmful to natural enemies. In this study, the acute toxicity of the recommended field concentration of four conventional insecticides was evaluated in reference to the different life stages (L3, L4 and adult) of the variegated lady beetle Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) (Coleop...

the distribution pattern of pest population is one of the factors not only effects on sampling program and data analysis method, but also can be used to measure the density of pests and their natural enemies. thus, the spatial distribution pattern of the pea aphid, acyrthosiphon pisum harris (hem.: aphididae) and its two major predators, hippodamia variegata goeze (col.: coccinellidae) and cocc...