Mechanisms of double carbonylation reactions catalyzed by palladium complexs to give a-keto amides and a-keto esters, stoichiometric double carbonylation of ally1 carbonates, and cyclization carbonylation . of 3-butenoic acid to give cyclic anhydrides are discussed as combination of elementary processes of organometallic reactions.

ROS are produced in dendritic cells (DCs) during antigen presentation in contact hypersensitivity (CHS). As a result, ROS cause a number of nonenzymatic protein modifications, including carbonylation, which is the most widely used marker of oxidative stress. 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) is a well-characterized contact allergen that results in the formation of ROS. However, protein...

UNLABELLED Urea and NaCl are elevated in the renal inner medulla. We now find that a high concentration of urea or NaCl increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mouse renal inner medullary (mIMCD3) cells in culture. Previously, high NaCl, but not high urea, was found to cause DNA double-strand breaks. We now tested whether high urea or NaCl causes oxidative damage to DNA or cellular proteins....

BACKGROUND Carbonylation is an irreversible oxidative modification of proteins that has been linked to various conditions of oxidative stress, aging, physiological disorders, and disease. Increased oxidative stress is thus also considered to play a role in the pathogenesis of age-related neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer disease (AD). In addition, it has recently become evident that...

A b as well as methanol selectivity (~90%) were achieved with a mass space velocity of 2700 L/h.kg-cat. at 433 K and 5.0 MPa via ethyl formate in slurry phase. This study investigated the influences of co-precipitation PH value of copper magnesium catalyst, types of alkali compounds as carbonylation promoters and impregnation agents, alcohol solvent on the reaction performances. It was also fou...

A series of dendritic cations 1-4 containing Ru(2)S(3) or Rh(2)S(3) units, either in the core or in the dendrons, has been synthesized and characterized. The X-ray crystal structure analysis of 2-Cl shows a trigonal bipyramidal Rh(2)S(3) core with propeller-like para-hydroxyphenyl substituents at the sulfur atoms. Reaction of the peripheral OH groups with diphenylphosphino benzoic acid results ...