Mastitis is a costly disease of dairy cattle as it causes a loss in milk yield and milk quality in affected cows. Toll-like receptor (TLR) genes play a role in the host response to a variety of organisms including those inducing mastitis. In the present study, we investigated the polymorphism of TLR2, 4, 6 and 9 genes in Holstein cattle and ...

The human body is host to a number of microbes occurring in various forms of host-microbe associations, such as commensals, mutualists, pathogens and opportunistic symbionts. While this association with microbes in certain cases is beneficial to the host, in many other cases it seems to offer no evident benefit or motive. The emergence and re-emergence of newer varieties of infectious diseases ...