The objective of this study was to estimate catastrophic healthcare expenditure in Brazil, using different definitions, and to identify vulnerability indicators. Data from the 2002-2003 Brazilian Household Budget Survey were used to derive total household consumption, health expenditure and household income. Socioeconomic position was defined by quintiles of the National Economic Indicator usin...

Objective: To examine the changes in Portuguese household food availability from 1990 to 1995. Design: Using the DAta Food NEtworking (DAFNE) classification scheme for nutritional and socio-economic variables, data from the Portuguese Household Budget Surveys collected in 1989/90 and 1994/95 were analysed. The mean availability (quantity person" day") for the total population, by locality and b...

OBJECTIVE To identify food consumption patterns in the city of S. Paulo, from 1990 to 1996, and compare these patterns with those derived from nutritionally balanced food baskets (FB). METHODS Household budget surveys were verified and the percentage of food expenditures was assessed according to three food groups: semi-elaborated, industrialized and non-processed food (an emphasis was given ...

AIMS Dental services differ from other health services in several dimensions. One important difference is that a substantial share of costs of dental services-especially costs beyond routine dental treatment-is paid directly by the patient out-of-pocket. SETTINGS AND DESIGN This study analyses the socio-economic determinants of out-of-pocket expenditure for dental services (OOPE) in Austria a...

OBJECTIVE To examine the changes in Portuguese household food availability from 1990 to 1995. DESIGN Using the DAta Food NEtworking (DAFNE) classification scheme for nutritional and socio-economic variables, data from the Portuguese Household Budget Surveys collected in 1989/90 and 1994/95 were analysed. The mean availability (quantity person(-1) day(-1)) for the total population, by locality...

In Situ X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopic Study of Li1.05Ni0.35Co0.25Mn0.4O2 Cathode Material Coated with LiCoO2 Aniruddha Deb, Uwe Bergmann, Stephen P. Cramer, and Elton J. Cairns* Environmental Energy Technologies Division and Physical Bioscience Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 9402...