Fire hazard during ship transportation of certain modern solid fuels is identified. A particular mechanism which may lead to catastrophic ship fire is discussed. A mathematical model predicting time to such fully developed fire (flashover time) I s proposed. An analytical solution is obtained for the developed model. An important part of this solution is a closed form analytical description of ...

Based on extensive data compiled by the World Health Organization (WHO), a newly developed model now reported in EHP illustrates country-and region-specific solid fuel use trends over the last 30 years, highlights data needs, and sets a course for improved assessment of solid fuel use as a global health indicator. Solid fuels used for cooking, such as wood, crop residues, dung, charcoal, and co...

Access to clean and affordable energy is critical for the realization of the United Nations' Millennium Development Goals, or MDGs. In many developing countries, a large proportion of household energy requirements is met by use of non-commercial fuels such as wood, animal dung, crop residues, etc., and the associated health and environmental hazards of these are well documented. In this work, a...

The conversion of various solid low-cost fuels into valuable gas with high energy content is attracting increasing interest within the chemical industry and the energy supply sector. For the gasification of carbonic fuels, fluidized bed processing based on the dual fluidized bed concept is utilized preferably. Dual fluidized bed gasification technology greatly intensifies the conversion of the ...

The transition to sustainable energy requires an assessment of drivers the use clean and dirty fuels for cooking. Literature highlights importance access modern fuel switching from fuels. Though cleaner such as electricity promotes use, it does not necessarily lead a complete Households continue using traditional in addition We explain choice cooking even when is provided. nationally representa...

Introduction Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major and growing cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The global prevalence of COPD is growing faster in women than in men. Women are often exposed to indoor pollutants produced by biomass fuels burning during household activities. Methods We conducted a meta-analysis to establish the association between COPD and exposure ...

This article calls for engaging the public and private sectors of developing and industrialized countries in a global clean cooking fuel initiative (GCCFI) to bring about a worldwide shift to clean fluid fuels for cooking and heating in 10-15 years’ time -with an emphasis on providing clean fuel to the poorest households. This initiative is crucial to implementation of the Millennium Developmen...