The hasA gene from Streptococcus equisimilis, which encodes the enzyme hyaluronan synthase, has been expressed in Bacillus subtilis, resulting in the production of hyaluronic acid (HA) in the 1-MDa range. Artificial operons were assembled and tested, all of which contain the hasA gene along with one or more genes encoding enzymes involved in the synthesis of the UDP-precursor sugars that are re...

A rapid, continuous, and convenient three-enzyme coupled UV absorption assay was developed to quantitate the glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine transferase activities of hyaluronan synthase from Pasteurella multocida (PmHAS). Activity was measured by coupling the UDP produced from the PmHAS-catalyzed transfer of UDP-GlcNAc and UDP-GlcUA to a hyaluronic acid tetrasaccharide primer with the ...

Hyaluronan (HA) is a nonsulfated nonepimerized linear glycosaminoglycan (GAG) existing in vivo as a polyanion of hyaluronic acid and composed of repeating disaccharide units of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine [-->4GlcAbeta1-->3GlcNAcbeta1-->]. It is a major constituent of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the skin, joints, eye, and many other tissues and organs.The simple structure...

background the platelet-rich plasma (prp) and hyaluronic acid (ha) constitute a system of tissue growth that can regenerate damaged tissue. this study was performed to evaluate the effect of prp and ha in treatment of complications of achilles tendon reconstruction. methods we selected ten patients affected by achilles tendon injuries resulting from post-surgical complications subsequent to ten...

22 Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a human-specific bacterial pathogen responsible for serious 23 morbidity and mortality worldwide. The hyaluronic acid (HA) capsule of GAS is a major 24 virulence factor, contributing to bloodstream survival through resistance to neutrophil and 25 antimicrobial peptide killing, and in vivo pathogenicity. Capsule biosynthesis has been 26 exclusively attributed to...

Hyaluronic acid, sodium hyaluronate, and potassium hyaluronate function in cosmetics as skin conditioning agents at concentrations up to 2%. Hyaluronic acid, primarily obtained from bacterial fermentation and rooster combs, does penetrate to the dermis. Hyaluronic acid was not toxic in a wide range of acute animal toxicity studies, over several species and with different exposure routes. Hyalur...

Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a human-specific bacterial pathogen responsible for serious morbidity and mortality worldwide. The hyaluronic acid (HA) capsule of GAS is a major virulence factor, contributing to bloodstream survival through resistance to neutrophil and antimicrobial peptide killing and to in vivo pathogenicity. Capsule biosynthesis has been exclusively attributed to the ubiquito...

Orally ingested collagen undergoes degradation to small di- or tripeptides, which are detected in circulating blood 2 h after ingestion. The influence of collagen-derived peptides on dermal extracellular matrix components and cell proliferation was studied using cultured human dermal fibroblasts. Of the various collagenous peptides tested here, the dipeptide proline-hydroxyproline (Pro-Hyp) enh...

Osteoarthritis is one of the leading causes of disability in the elderly. The changes in the lubricating properties of synovial fluid lead to significant pain and loss of function. More than ten years have passed from the first studies. Up till now many authors have supported intra-articular hyaluronan (HA) therapy as not only a symptom-modifying therapy but also a treatment which may significa...