BACKGROUND The prevalence of hypogonadism in HIV-infected patients is still a matter of debate as there is no standardized consensual diagnostic method. In addition, the etiology and endocrine/metabolic implications of hypogonadism in this population remain controversial. This study aims to determine the prevalence of testosterone deficiency in a single-site hospital and to evaluate its associa...

Male hypogonadism is characterised by androgen deficiency and infertility. Hypogonadism can be caused by disorders at the hypothalamic or pituitary level (hypogonadotropic forms) or by testicular dysfunction (hypergonadotropic forms). Testosterone substitution is necessary in all hypogonadal patients, because androgen deficiency causes slight anemia, changes in coagulation parameters, decreased...

49,XXXXY pentasomy or Fraccaro's syndrome is the most severe variant of Klinefelter's syndrome (KS) affecting about 1/85000 male births. The classical presentation is the triad: mental retardation, hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and radio ulnar synostosis. Indeed, the reproductive function of Fraccaro's syndrome is distinguished from KS. Besides, Leydig cell tumors are described in cases of KS,...

Background: Around 10 % of infertile men and 1 percent all males have azoospermia. There are two types azoospermia, which obstructive non-obstructive Non-obstructive azoospermia's main mechanism is because the testes fail to produce sex hormone induce spermatogenesis (primary testicular failure).
 Case: A patient 28 years old has a job as car paint worker. He came with chief complaint infe...

This study was carried out in 28 patients (10 female, 18 male) diagnosed with acute leukemia, and aimed to investigate the abnormalities of endocrine system. Twenty-five of 28 patients were acute lymphoblastic leukemia and 3 were acute non-lymphocytic leukemia. Sixteen children were treated using BFM-90 chemotherapy protocol, and the rest with various regimens. Two patients were exposed to 12-1...

Background: Erectile dysfunction is common in patients with diabetes mellitus. In addition, reduced testosterone itself is considered as a risk factor for diabetes; therefore hypogonadism was studied in diabetes. Objective: This study was done to determine the prevalence of hypoand hypergonadotropic hypogonadism in the type 2 diabetes male patients in Mashhad in north-east of Iran. Methods: Thi...