abstract. natural populations of carpinus orientalis mill. shrub lands occur mainly in high and middle altitudes of the hyrcanian forests, n. iran, particularly on steep rocks and forest outcrops. there are some discrepancies on the intra-specific delimitation of this important woody species. the aim of the current study was to examine the anatomical variation of stems and leaves of sixteen pop...

The growth and quality of natural seedlings are important goals forest management in uneven-aged high stands. In this study, the recovery process physical chemical properties soil, as well variables beech on skid trails after skidding operations three time periods (10, 20, 30 years) were investigated Hyrcanian forests Iran. Results revealed that soil (organic C, total N, pH) fully recovered 20 ...

Pollen analysis and AMS radiocarbon dating of a short sediment core from a mire in Veisar (Mazandaran province, N Iran) reveals the late-Holocene vegetation history of the area. High pollen values suggest that Caucasian alder (Alnus subcordata) has been present in the vicinity of the mire throughout the record. Wingnut (Pterocarya fraxinifolia), which was previously abundantly present, shows a ...

Forest ecosystems play multiple important roles in meeting the habitat needs of different organisms and providing a variety services to humans. Biodiversity is one structural features dynamic complex forest ecosystems. One most challenging issues assessing understanding relationship between biodiversity environmental factors. The aim this study was investigate effect biotic abiotic factors on t...

Biological disturbances are integral to forest ecosystems and have pronounced effects on resistance, resilience, diversity. The Hyrcanian mixed forest, in northern Iran, is at risk of declining diversity due ongoing pressure from land use change, harvesting, biological disturbances. We analyzed the resistance resilience this area under two (i.e., oak charcoal fungus, Biscogniauxia mediterranea ...

Compacted soil has lower water infiltration and hydraulic conductivity, which contributes to increased runoff and erosion on slopes. The aim of the present study was to assess runoff and sediment on three skidding trail longitudinal gradients (15%, 25%, and 35%) and different levels of machine traffic (low, medium, and high), over a two-year period following the impact in the Hyrcanian forest, ...