1. Hyper-induction of cytokines and chemokines was found in human blood macrophages infected with the avian influenza H5N1 and H9N2/G1 viruses, as compared to those infected with human influenza H1N1 virus. 2. IRF3 played a significant role in the hyperinduction of cytokines including IFN-β, IFN-λ1,IFN-α subtypes, MCP-1, and TNF-α, and also played a part in subsequent cytokine-induced cell sign...

BACKGROUND Rhinovirus (RV) is a major cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations, and primarily infects bronchial epithelial cells. Immune responses from BECs to RV infection are critical in limiting viral replication, and remain unclear in COPD. The objective of this study is to investigate innate immune responses to RV infection in COPD primary BECs (pBECs) in compari...

UNLABELLED Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a respiratory paramyxovirus that is distributed worldwide and induces significant airway morbidity. Despite the relevance of hMPV as a pathogen, many aspects of the immune response to this virus are still largely unknown. In this report, we focus on the antiviral immune response, which is critical for viral clearance and disease resolution. Using in vi...

We investigate the eigenvalue problem for Kirchhoff type equations involving a superlinear perturbation, namely, −a∫RN|∇u|2dx+1Δu+μV(x)u=λf(x)u+g(x)|u|p−2u in RN, where V∈C(RN) is potential well with bottom Ω≔int{x∈RN|V(x)=0}. When N = 3 and 4 < p 6, each > 0 μ sufficiently large, we obtain at least one positive solution λ ≤ λ1(fΩ), while two solutions exist λ1(fΩ) + δa without an...

A k-regular graph on v vertices is a divisible design with parameters (v,k,λ1,λ2,m,n) if its vertex set can be partitioned into m classes of size n, such that any two different from the same class have λ1 common neighbours, and λ2 neighbours whenever it not complete or edgeless. If m=1, then strongly regular (v,k,λ1,λ1). In this paper Wallis-Fon-Der-Flaass construction graphs modified to create...

Assume X1,X2,…,XN are realizations of N observations from a real-valued discrete parameter third-order stationary process Xt,t=0±1,±2,…, with bispectrum fXXX(λ1,λ2) where “−π≤λ1,λ2≤π”. Based on the previous assumption, L different multitapered biperiodograms IXXX(mt)j(λ1,λ2);j=1,2,…,L overlapped segments (Xt(j);1≤t<N) can be constructed. Further, mean and variance average these expressed as ...

The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-32 has gained much attention recently because of its important role in the inflammatory network. Since the discovery of IL-32 in 2005, our appreciation for its diverse roles continues to grow. Recent studies have discovered the antiviral effects induced by IL-32 and its associated regulatory mechanisms. The interactions between IL-32 and various cy...