Abstract Ignorance is commonly assumed to be a lack of knowledge in Plato’s Socratic dialogues. I challenge that assumption. In the Protagoras , ignorance conceived substantive, structural psychic flaw—the soul’s domination by inferior elements are nature fit ruled. Ignorant people characterized both false beliefs about evaluative matters specific situations and an enduring deception their own ...

In information security, ignorance is not bliss. It is always stated that hiding the protocols (let the other be ignorant about it) does not increase the security of organizations. However, there are cases that ignorance creates protocols. In this paper, we propose distributed contingency logic, a proper extension of contingency (ignorance) logic. Intuitively, a formula is distributed contingen...