Background Despite children and young people (CYP) having a low risk for severe Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes, there is still degree of uncertainty related to their in the context immunodeficiency or immunosuppression, primarily due significant reporting bias most studies, as CYP characteristically experience milder asymptomatic COVID-19 infection outcomes tend be overestimated. ...

Abstract Introduction: Toxoplasmosis is a disease of global distribution caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii, which develops differently depending on immunologic status patient. In immunocompetent patients, it usually asymptomatic and complications such as pneumonitis, encephalitis, or multiple organ dysfunction are rare. The following case an patient with acute disseminated toxoplasmosis....

Abstract Introduction Unrelenting unilateral otalgia in an elderly or diabetic immunocompromised patient is clinically suspicious for necrotising otitis externa (NOE). This advancement of normal diffuse OE that can complicate into a number severe neurological pathologies, and it becoming increasingly common1. We report case here NOE became acutely apparent following ear syringing, due to the in...

We report a case of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in an immunocompetent patient who was resistant to antiviral treatment, and in whom fatal metastatic liver cancer was later detected. A 74-year-old Japanese man visited our ophthalmology clinic in May 2011. He had a history of well controlled type 2 diabetes and colon cancer, and underwent successful surgical treatment in 2008. In April 2011, ...

Candida and other fungal species account for approximately 9.5% of nosocomial bloodstream infections in the United States, with an incidence of 4.6 per 10,000 admissions [1]. Patients with a history of diabetes, indwelling lines/catheters, hyperalimentation, and immunocompromise are at increased risk for fungal bloodstream infections [2-5]. Dissemination of fungal organisms to the eye can occur...

The coalescence of the HIV-1 and tuberculosis (TB) epidemics in Sub-Saharan Africa has had a significant and negative impact on global health. The availability of effective antimicrobial treatment for both HIV-1 (in the form of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)) and TB (with antimycobacterial agents) has the potential to mitigate the associated morbidity and mortality. However, the u...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Neurologic complications of HIV infection are unfortunately common, even in the era of effective antiretroviral treatment (ART). The consulting neurologist is often asked to distinguish among neurologic deterioration due to opportunistic infection (OI), immune reconstitution, or the effect of the virus itself, and to comment on the role of immunomodulatory agents in patients w...

To assist physicians, especially young physicians, in identifying tuberculosis (TB) infection before the terminal stage, we analyzed 7 cases of numerous tuberculous granulomas in multiple organs and compared clinical and autopsy findings between cases. Patients ranged in age from 41 to 86 years at the time of death. The main chief complaint was fever of unknown origin (3 of 7 cases [43%]). The ...

OPTIMAL ANTI-INFECTIVE DRUG DOSES FOR CHILDREN Anti-infective agents are among the most commonly prescribed drugs in children. What is considered the optimal dose of an anti-infective agent is determined by how the child handles the drug and the resulting drug concentration in the body (pharmacokinetics, PK) as well as by the effect of the drug on the target pathogen (pharmacodynamics, PD). Amo...

PURPOSE Children with high-risk neuroblastoma have a poor prognosis with chemotherapy alone, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation offers improved survival. As a dose-escalation strategy, tandem transplants have been used, but are associated with persistent immunocompromise. This study evaluated the provision of an autologous costimulated, activated T-cell product to support immunologic f...