Background: Stavudine, a thymidine nucleoside, is a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, which is extensively used in the treatment of HIV infected patients. According to the World Health Organization (2006), stavudine must be stored in well closed containers and be protected from light. In addition, the manufacturer recommends that stavudine be stored below 25°C in a tightly closed container. Howe...

traditional dea models deal with measurements of relative eciency ofdmus regarding multiple - inputs vs. multiple-outputs. one of the drawbacksof these model is the neglect of intermediate products or linkong activities. af-ter pointing out needs for inclusion of them to dea models. we propose hybridmodel that can deal with intermediate products formally using this model wecan evaluate divisio...

For many years, reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals, and their reaction products, were classically described as harmful by-products of aerobic metabolism capable of causing DNA mutations, lipid peroxidation, and protein oxidation [1]. The identifi cation of enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase that served to eli...

G enome sequence data will undoubtedly deliver much to the study of viral pathogens and their diseases. A prominent example of this new genomic perspective is infl uenza A virus, for which a large-scale genome sequencing project begun in the year 2005 has, to date, generated around 2,500 complete viral genomes [1]. While this alone is newsworthy, the rise of rapid, high-throughput genome " pyro...

We introduce an ordinal model of e ciency measurement. Our primitive is a notion of e ciency that is comparative, but not cardinal or absolute. In this framework, we postulate axioms that we believe an ordinal e ciency measure should satisfy. Primary among these are choice consistency and planning consistency, which guide the measurement of e ciency in a firm with access to multiple technologie...

Dear Editor, Failure of cell-mediated immunity allows reactivation of the ‘JC’ polyomavirus (JCV) in oligodendrocytes, and the development of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). This is most commonly associated with advanced human immunodefi ciency virus (HIV) infection, but is also described after biological therapies such as natalizumab, and rarely other conditions.1 In the earl...