BACKGROUND The Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards (DoLS), introduced into the Mental Capacity Act 2005, were fully implemented on 1 April 2009 in England and Wales. The government estimated 20 000 assessments for DoLS at a cost of £600 per assessment. Aims To estimate the costs likely to be incurred with the implementation of DoLS in England. METHOD The cost of conducting a single DoLS assessm...

Medicare Part D was implemented 4 years ago. Despite the fact that public-use Part D data were unavailable until late 2008, researchers have used alternate data to examine the effect of Part D on drug use and out-of-pocket costs. In a systematic review of Medline from 2006 to October 2009, the literature about drug use and costs after implementation and during the transition period and coverage...

Implementation intentions (if-then plans) help people to automatically perform goaldirected behaviors when they encounter goal-relevant critical situations. Besides the intended beneficial effects on goal attainment, however, goal-directed behaviors might entail various costs. Successful goal striving then requires flexible tenacity: tenaciously holding on to behaviors that inflict bearable cos...

There are two alternative ways to capture the tension between capacity expenses and customer-delay costs in staffing problems. The cost paradigm assigns a price tag to customer delay and optimizes the combined costs of staffing and waiting. The constraint paradigm, in contrast, replaces the waiting-time cost with constraints and seeks to minimize staffing costs subject to these constraints. The...

In the recent years, customer relationship management (CRM) has being depictured by the software vendors as a cure-alls for the enterprises which wish to acquire, maintain efficiently customer share and at last to gain more profit in globalized market with fierce competition. However, the currently popular CRM marketing practice often produces disappointing outcomes. The more popular this marke...

We introduce end-to-end retiming, a paradigm for efficiently evaluating a varied set of global retiming possibilities. The result is a continuous curve of retiming solutions stretching between the extremes of minimum delay and minimum register count. Any single retiming solution may be infeasible or unacceptably difficult to implement, but with an array of choices, a solution with the minimum i...