the impact of price changes (at a level of market) on the other market levels (transfer of prices) will affect welfare of producers, marketing agents as well as consumers. in this study, asymmetric tea market is investigated through an application of johansen co-integration analysis and error correction model (ecm model) to time series of 1976-2009. co integration method used in the import mark...

This study examines the export performance and competitiveness in meat sector of Pakistan. employs different indices revealed comparative advantage such as RCA, RSCA, LnRCA, RCA#, RTA, RMA, RC TBI to analyze advantage. The data have been taken from International Trade Center (ITC) UNCOMTRADE statistics on exports imports Pakistan during 2004-2020. findings RCA# RSCA indicate that faced a disadv...

The study calculates nominal and effective rates of protection their association with major characteristics industries—labour intensity, export orientation revealed comparative advantage. results indicate that as well rate has declined between two benchmark years—1990 2002, but vegetable oil, motor vehicles, a sector producing intermediate good ‘other manufacturing’ remains highly protected. Ov...

The paper investigates price and quality competitiveness and comparative advantage in the new and old European Union Member States’ agri-food trade on the global market between 2000 and 2011. The empirical results show that the new and old Member States have become more similar in successful agri-food competitiveness and comparative advantages. The shares of successful price and successful qual...

this paper analyzes the effects ofexchange policies on iran,s foreign trade, by applying new econometric techniques. in assessing the impacts of depreciation of the national currency on macroeconomic variable, the real rather than nominal exchange rate has been determined to be more appropriate criterion to demonstrate the success or failure ofthe adopted policies. during the period under the s...

Bacteria exist in a variety of morphologies, but the relationship between cellular forms and biological functions remains poorly understood. We show that stalks (prosthecae), cylindrical extensions of the Caulobacter crescentus cell envelope, can take up and hydrolyze organic phosphate molecules and contain the high-affinity phosphate-binding protein PstS, but not PstA, a protein that is requir...

In the study, production, foreign trade, and competitiveness of countries, which have an important share in world aquaculture were examined. According to 2019 data shows that Chine Indonesia are most producers world. The set belonging 2010-2019 was used research. Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Vollrath Relative Export Index (RXA), Trade (RTA), Competitiveness (RC), Import (RMA), Balance ...

A patent gives a patent holder (the “patentee”) the exclusive right to make, use, import, and sell his or her invention. The quid pro quo for obtaining a patent on an invention is disclosing in the patent how to make and use the invention. For this reason, a patent application must contain a detailed disclosure that teaches how to make and use the invention. Normally, this disclosure consists o...