in this article, real exchange rate behavior and its effects on macroeconomic variables are studied by explaining two models; impulse function and forecasting predicted error decomposition. studies show that high artificial currency value has caused domestic and foreign accounts equilibrium disturbance and foreign income decrease due to the slackening of commercial and agricultural activities, ...

the effect of symmetric (non-symmetric) foreign exchange rate shocks on iranian agricultural import and exports was explored throughout the current research.. time series of 1973-2007 along with hodrick and prescott filter method were employed. the results as obtained through vector error correction and johnson model indicated that positive (negative) shocks introduce positive (negative) effect...

BACKGROUND Nuclear protein import and export are mediated by receptor proteins that recognize nuclear localization sequences (NLSs) or nuclear export sequences (NESs) and target the NLS-bearing or NES-bearing protein to the nuclear pore complex (NPC). Temperature-dependent translocation of the receptor-cargo complex in both directions through the NPC requires the GTPase Ran, and it has been pro...

Iran`s pharmaceutical products market as one of the major markets of the country has been faced with fluctuations over time. Suitable market selection is necessary for stability of pharmaceutical exports. Study of the global market structure of this product leads to policy makers in development, production, and trade of pharmaceuticals and finally increases country’s share of the world pharmace...

Countries have long used import tari↵s as an instrument to stimulate or protect downstream industries; however, in the GATT/WTO era, tari↵s have fallen greatly worldwide. Has the WTO succeeded in limiting the prevalence of this class of industrial policy, or are governments still attempting to move downstream via other policy instruments? For countries with large raw materials endowments, one a...

We have identified a temperature-sensitive mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (npl3) that accumulates polyadenylated RNA in the nucleus at 37 degrees C, as judged by in situ hybridization. The strong nuclear signal is not simply due to increased cytoplasmic turnover of mRNA, as reincubation at 37 degrees C with an RNA polymerase inhibitor shows no diminution in the in situ signal. Over several ...

Foreign trade expansion plays an important role in economic growth and development. Since Iran’s single-product economy is facing tight sanctions, among trading partners, Turkey benefits from special place, and political independence in international relations because of its large population, rising per capita income, high economic growth rate, geographical and cultural proximity to Iran. Many ...

Iran`s pharmaceutical products market as one of the major markets of the country has been faced with fluctuations over time. Suitable market selection is necessary for stability of pharmaceutical exports. Study of the global market structure of this product leads to policy makers in development, production, and trade of pharmaceuticals and finally increases country’s share of the world pharmace...

This paper elucidates the impacts of the September 2005 foot and mouth disease outbreak on the Brazilian meat market for different levels of the industry (export, wholesale, and farm). The associated import ban by Russia on Brazilian meat exports is also analyzed. Results suggest that the increase in domestic supply due to the import ban generated downward pressure on prices at all levels for p...

Protein import into the nucleus and export from the nucleus are signal-mediated processes that require energy. The nuclear transport process about which the most information is currently available is classical nuclear localization signal (NLS)-mediated nuclear import. However, details concerning the signal-mediated export of proteins and RNAs as well as alternative nuclear import pathways are b...