We have fabricated tungsten-diamond-like-nanocomposite (W-DLN) Schottky contacts on n-type and p-type 6H SiC (Si-face). The as-deposited n-type and ptype contacts are rectifying and measurement results suggest that the electrical characteristics are dominated by the properties of the tungsten SiC interface. The n-type contacts have a reverse leakage current density of 4.1 x 10 -3 Acm -2 and the...

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a common, usually lethal disease with a median survival of only ~15 months. It has proven resistant in clinical trials to chemotherapeutic agents such as paclitaxel that are highly effective in vitro, presumably because of impaired drug delivery across the tumor's blood-brain barrier (BBB). In an effort to increase paclitaxel delivery across the tumor BBB, we li...

Antiinfluenza type 2 (T2) immunity contributes to both immunopathology and immunoprotection, yet the underlying mechanisms modulating T2 immunity remain ill defined. We describe a novel mouse antigen (Ag)-presenting cell (APC), designated late-activator APC (LAPC). After pulmonary influenza A (H1N1) virus infection, LAPCs enter the lungs, capture viral Ag, and subsequently migrate to the draini...

PURPOSE Interleukin (IL)-21 has recently been shown to play a vital role in the development of many autoimmune diseases. Our study is designed to investigate the alteration and possible function of IL-21 in the development of an experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) model. METHODS EAU was induced in B10.RIII mice by subcutaneous injection of interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) ...

Memory T cells respond faster and more vigorously than their naive counterparts and are critical for adaptive immunity. However, it is unknown whether and how memory T cells react in the face of irrelevant Ags. It is generally accepted that bystander memory T cells are neutral in immune responsiveness. In this study, we present the first evidence that bystander central memory (TCM), but not eff...

Memory T cells of the effector type (T(EM)) account for the characteristic rapidity of memory T-cell responses, whereas memory T cells of the central type (T(CM)) account for long-lasting, vigorously proliferating memory T-cell responses. How antigen-stimulated (primed) T cells develop into different memory T-cell subsets with diverse tissue distributions is largely unknown. Here we show that a...

Abstract To induce long-lasting immunity, the host’s immune system must recognize and respond to an invading pathogen upon first encounter. Plasmodium sporozoites, infective stage of malaria parasite, are inoculated into skin by infected mosquitoes as they probe for blood. Only 20% sporozoites reach liver, while rest either draining lymph nodes (dLN) or remain in area at least 6 hours, shedding...

T cells need to migrate to and accumulate inside tumors before mediating rejection of the tumor. The number of specific T cells inside tumors may depend on the efficiency of priming in the draining lymph node (DLN), intratumor deletion, suppressive phenomena, or both. We used monoclonal anti-male antigen CD4 (Marilyn) T cells and tumor cell lines expressing or not the corresponding antigen (Dby...