in studying the problems of complex systems, usually the noise is considered in relation 10 the concept of order. it means that order is assumed as the basic feature of system, per se. information also conceptually is used to be connected to entropy. negentropy , order, and disorder, proposed in thermodynamics in 19 century. but in recent theories, order and disorder both are the devices for me...

efforts to achieve effective and meaningful patient and public involvement (ppi) in healthcare have existed for nearly a century, albeit with limited success. this brief commentary discusses a recent paper by carter and martin exploring the “challenges facing healthwatch, a new consumer champion in england,” and places these challenges in the context of the broader struggle to give a voice to h...

Smallpox holds a unique position in the history of medicine. It was the first disease for which a vaccine was developed and remains the only human disease eradicated by vaccination. Although there have been claims of smallpox in Egypt, India, and China dating back millennia [1-4], the timescale of emergence of the causative agent, variola virus (VARV), and how it evolved in the context of incre...

abstract: discourse of emancipation as important part of discussion on social change, has special place in contemporary political thought. conjunction of 'emancipation' with philosophy of history in two recent century that its great section is relative to hegelian tradition, has made it dependent on fundamental elements of this tradition. 'dialectic' with different philosoph...

a country’s foreign policy is greatly influenced by various internal, regional, trans-regional, and international factors.  in recent years china has adopted a peaceful foreign policy.  this paper aims to analyze the continuity of china’s peaceful foreign policy in the 21st century, and identify the most influential factors of the policy.  this paper will argue that china’s peaceful foreign pol...

created in 8th century a.h., daqayeq al-she?er is one of the most important rhetoric texts has ever been written. little attentions have been paid to it due to the published unreliable correction. the present paper is going to offer, using some reliable handwritten versions, some new-found information about the author, taj al-halvani, the place it was written in, and the life and the works and ...

This article brings together tiles of 16th century Persian architecture and 21st century digital tiles of moving image to explore new potentials beyond the perceived image. As minimal parts of a bigger image, they both appear still and motionless. However, Persian Islamic philosopher, Mulla Sadrā Shirazi’s (1571-1640) theory of ‘substantial motion’ (al-harakat a...

In mice, recent thymic emigrants (RTEs) make up a large part of the naïve T cell pool and have been suggested to be a distinct short-lived pool. In humans, however, the life span and number of RTEs are unknown. Although (2)H(2)O labeling in young mice showed high thymic-dependent daily naïve T cell production, long term up- and down-labeling with (2)H(2)O in human adults revealed a low daily pr...