Copal is the Spanish word used to describe aromatic resins from several genera of plants. Mexican copal derives from several Bursera spp., Protium copal, some Pinus spp. (e.g., P. pseudostrobus) and a few Fabaceae spp. It has been used for centuries as incense for religious ceremonies, as a food preservative, and as a treatment for several illnesses. The aim of this review is to analyze the che...

Abstract Incense burning is an important ceremonial ritual in Buddhism. It well recognized that incense smoke has negative health effects, which may be caused by the emission of submicron particles, including ultrafine and nanoparticles. Hence, this study, concentration particulate matter (PM) total suspended particles (TSP) emitted from were determined 4 stick brands. The experiment was conduc...

stress mediates air pollution particle-induced acute lung injury and molecular pathology. Inhal Toxicol 2003; 15: 1327–1346. 5. Lung SC, Kao MC, Hu SC. Contribution of incense burning to indoor PM10 and particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons under two ventilation conditions. Indoor Air 2003; 13: 194–199. 6. US National Institute of Environmental Health Services (NIEHS). Spin trap datab...

The customary forest area of Tombak Haminjon (incense forest) located in Pandumaan-Sipituhuta Village has high economic value but challenges related to overlapping land management. This research aims determine the history, parties, causes, and conflict resolution this forest. study used a qualitative approach purposive sampling key respondents in-depth interviews with stakeholders involved. res...

Background Aquilaria, a genus belonging to the Thymelaeaceae, produces fragrant resinous agarwood, also known as eaglewood, which has been used as incense since old times. The intense fra-grance is the result of the presence of a wide variety of secondary metabolites. Objective This genus was reported contained sesquiterpenes, chromones, flavonoids, benzophenones, diterpenoids, triterpenoids,...

This study focuses on white porcelain incense burners used for royal ancestral rites in Chosŏn. Starting from early examples of Confucian burners, I have examined their production process and characteristics. As burning was an essential part rites, also became important vessels. The earliest are found at Pŏnch’ŏn-ri site No. 21, dated to 1420-40, they likely resemble the prototypes ceremonial m...

Both anthropogenic and climatic factors are important determinants of landscape fire. Because the two groups intertwined often act simultaneously, dissecting their effects on fire is challenging. We used COVID-19 lockdown event in Hubei, which all immediate influences were effectively removed, to quantify occurrence. hypothesized that outdoor incense burning main causal factor To test hypothesi...

Replicated circular openings ranging in size from 0.1 to 1 ha were cleared in 1996 at Blodgett Forest Research Station, California, and planted with seedlings of six native species. After 5 years of postharvest growth, heights were measured and analyzed according to species, opening size, and location within opening. The sequence of mean height from tallest to shortest, according to species, wa...