Significant programs of speed enforcement have been in operation in a number of State and international jurisdictions for some time and many have been the subject of rigorous evaluation. Such programs aim to reduce crash frequency and/or injury severity through reductions in mean speed and/or changes to the speed distribution. In broad terms, the speed enforcement programs evaluated have been d...

Introduction. Retrograde pedal access has been well described in the literature as a secondary approach for limb salvage in critical limb ischemia (CLI) patients. In this manuscript we are presenting a case where retrograde tibiopedal access has been used as a bail-out procedure for the management of superficial femoral artery (SFA) intervention complications. Procedure/Technique. After develop...

Brønsted acidic ionic liquids (BAILs) can play a dual role, as a solvent and as a catalyst, in many reactions. However, molecular details of the catalytic mechanism are poorly understood. We present here a density functional theory (DFT) study for the catalytic mechanism of the transesterification of methyl ester (ME) with trimethylolpropane (TMP), in the presence of three representative BAILs,...

We study how contingent capital that converts in equity ahead of default affects bank risk-shifting. Going concern conversion restores equity value in highly levered states, thus reducing heightened risk incentives. In contrast, conversion at default for traditional bail-inable debt has no effect on endogenous risk. The main beneficial effect comes from reduced leverage at conversion. In contra...

Peter Klimek, Sebastian Poledna, J. Doyne Farmer, Stefan Thurner1,3,4,∗ Section for Science of Complex Systems; Medical University of Vienna; Spitalgasse 23; A-1090; Austria Institute for New Economic Thinking at the Oxford School and Mathematical Institute, Eagle House, Walton Well Rd., University of Oxford OX2 3ED; UK Santa Fe Institute; 1399 Hyde Park Road; Santa Fe; NM 87501; USA IIASA, Sch...

Since bail legislation was enacted in the 1970s, Australia has experienced a continual increase number of prisoners on remand. Amendments to and police discretion have been shown contribute this increase. Further, an accused’s vulnerability affects whether they are granted or denied bail, with vulnerable people being more likely be bail. Vulnerability criminal justice system refers factors such...

Rural drink driving is a serious road safety issue which contributes to a significant number of fatalities and injuries in New Zealand annually. Although enforcement remains a key mechanism for reducing the incidence of rural drink driving, there are a number of crucial strategic issues that influence its effectiveness, including: who should conduct the enforcement, resource availability, enfor...

This study applied a multidimensional item response model to measure police officers’ ability on conducting red-light running enforcement. The ability to conduct red-light running enforcement was found to consist of five component constructs, including ability on mental demands (AMD), on stopping and chasing vehicle (ASC), on psychological demands (APD), on physical demands (APHD), and under ab...

The vexed relation between law and age/ageing is most apparent in the context of older prisoners. Late life may be accompanied by disabilities dependencies. So, access to appropriate forms care including medical becomes even more crucial custodial institutions like prisons where prisoners live isolated from society. Since spread COVID-19, there have been attempts decongest Indian prisons. Howev...

Provision of Social Goods and Soft Budget Constraints* by Lars-Hendrik Röller and Zhentang Zhang Firms in socialist and transitional economies are often obliged to provide a social good in addition to a private good, which makes it difficult for a government to commit not to bail out the firm once it is in financial trouble. This creates a soft budget constraint syndrome which causes the firm t...