Parenteral injection of tolerated proteins into orally tolerant mice inhibits the initiation of immunological responses to unrelated proteins and blocks severe chronic inflammatory reactions of immunological origin, such as autoimmune reactions. This inhibitory effect which we have called "indirect effects of oral tolerance" is also known as "bystander suppression." Herein, we show that i.p. in...

The flow injection introduction of samples that would be difficult by conventional nebulisation owing to dissolved solid content, viscosity or quenching effects on flame reactions is demonstrated. The various ways of achieving sample dilution by control of volume injected, tube dimensions and flow-rate are discussed and a manifold described for producing solutions for calibration purposes and d...

Low-volume manufacturing remains a challenge, especially for parts that need to be injection-molded. Freeform injection molding (FIM) is novel method combines elements from direct additive (DAM) and (IM) resolve some of the challenges seen in low-volume molding. In this study, we use design science approach explore suitability FIM low volume injection-molded parts. We provide an overview benefi...

Direct expansion (DX) refrigeration technology is almost exclusively used in multi-temperature transport refrigeration systems. Multi-temperature systems use up to three evaporators, requiring large refrigerant charges and system pressure control to operate over a wide range of set-point conditions. Despite incremental design improvements over the past decade, environmental and control issues c...

Plants perceive microorganisms by recognizing microbial molecules known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) inducing PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) or by recognizing pathogen effectors inducing effector-triggered immunity (ETI). The hypersensitive response (HR), a programmed cell death response associated with ETI, is known to be inhibited by PTI. Here, we show that PTI-induced HR ...

Combustion noise can be classified as direct or indirect, the former related to the flame’s unsteady heat release, and the latter to the acceleration/deceleration of convected flow disturbances. An analytical and numerical analysis of the direct and indirect noise produced by the generation and acceleration of entropy waves in a reflective environment is presented. A model for the direct noise ...

Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) is an intrinsic caused by contrast injection in susceptible individuals. Although the pathophysiological mechanisms which agents induce have not been completely explained, direct and indirect effects, as well hemodynamic perturbations, suggested. Renal effects develop immediately after injection, and, theoretically, they could be detected early usin...