This study aimed to explore the spatial numerical association of response codes (SNARC), the flanker, and the numerical distance effects in children with mathematical difficulties. From a sample of 720 third, fourth, and fifth graders, 60 children were selected and divided into the following three groups: typically developing children (TD; n = 29), children with mathematical difficulties only (...

There is a growing medical and public concern about neuroleptic-induced persistent tardive dyskinesia. The clinician faces a difficult dilemma because there are no effective substitutes for neuroleptics in the treatment of a majority of schizophrenic patients. In dealing with this dilemma, the physician should 1) periodically assess indications for neuroleptics in each patient, 2) use the lowes...

Levetiracetam (LEV) (Keppra; UCB Pharma, Brussels, Belgium) has recently been reported to have antidyskinetic activity against levodopa (L-DOPA)-induced dyskinesia in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-lesioned marmoset and macaque models of Parkinson's disease. Amantadine is frequently used as adjunctive therapy for L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia, but adverse effects limit its ...

Clinical characteristics of 15 consecutively referred patients with tardive dystonia are reported. The onset of tardive dystonia occurred in all age groups and in both sexes, with some preponderance in men. There was considerable overlap with tardive dyskinesia and tardive akathisia. Six subjects reported past acute dystonia, and four had histories of essential tremor, suggesting a vulnerabilit...

Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic with broad spectrum of antipsychotic activity and lower potential for extrapyramidal side effects at therapeutic doses. This case report illustrates the development of tardive dyskinesia with therapeutic dose of risperidone in a paranoid schizophrenic patient who was not on any antipsychotic medication previously.