To investigate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of cold-adapted influenza vaccine in individuals with underlying immunity to influenza A virus, we administered cold-adapted H1N1 and H3N2 vaccines to adults with prevaccination serum hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers of 1:16 or more and challenged them 1 month afterwards with homologous wild-type influenza A virus. Both cold-a...

Mucosal Immunology. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-415847-4.00059-8 2015 Published by Elsevier Inc. Chapter Outline Introduction 1129 Virology 1130 Paramyxoviruses 1130 Influenza Viruses 1130 Coronaviruses and Rhinoviruses 1131 Adenoviruses 1131 Clinical Features and Epidemiology 1131 RSV 1132 HPIV 1132 HMPV 1132 Influenza Viruses 1133 Coronaviruses 1133 Rhinoviruses 1134 Adenoviruses 1134...

H5N1 and H9N2 avian influenza virus subtypes top the World Health Organization's list for the greatest pandemic potential. Inactivated H5N1 vaccines induce limited immune responses and, in the case of live-attenuated influenza virus vaccines (LAIV), there are safety concerns regarding the possibility of reassortment between the H5 gene segment and circulating influenza viruses. In order to over...

Officials and professional societies treat influenza as a major public health threat for which the annual vaccine offers a safe and effective solution. In this article, I challenge these basic assumptions. I show that there is no good evidence that vaccines reduce serious complications of influenza, the outcomes the policy is meant to address. Moreover, promotional messages conflate "influenza"...

Killed and live influenza virus vaccines are effective in preventing and curbing the spread of disease, but new technologies such as reverse genetics could be used to improve them and to shorten the lengthy process of preparing vaccine seed viruses. By taking advantage of these new technologies, we could develop live vaccines that would be safe, cross-protective against variant strains, and req...

The World Health Organization (WHO) convenes technical consultations in February and September each year to recommend viruses for inclusion in influenza vaccines for the northern and southern hemispheres, respectively. This recommendation relates to the influenza vaccines for the forthcoming influenza season in the northern hemisphere (2011-2012). A recommendation will be made in September 2011...

Background and Aims: Vaccination is the most effective method to prevent influenza infection. Among the available vaccines, cold-adapted live-virus vaccines are suitable approach that have been produced and evaluated for recent years in few countries. The goal of this project was to derivate a cold adapted variant of the influenza A/New Caledonia/20/1999(H1N1). Materials and Methods: Influenza ...

Inactivated influenza vaccines have been available since the late 1940s for the prevention of influenza disease. Based on the available scientific evidence, many public health authorities, including the World Health Organization, recommend annual use of these vaccines for specific populations, including the elderly. Despite these recommendations, actual vaccination uptake rates are very limited...