In Study 1 (N 147), duration of music lessons was correlated positively with IQ and with academic ability among 6to 11-year-olds, even when potential confounding variables (i.e., family income, parents’ education, involvement in nonmusical activities) were held constant. In Study 2 (N 150), similar but weaker associations between playing music in childhood and intellectual functioning were evid...

BACKGROUND People with intellectual disability have a higher prevalence of physical health problems but often experience disparities in accessing health care. In England, a number of legislative changes, policies and recommendations have been introduced to improve health care access for this population. The aim of this qualitative study was to examine the extent to which patients with intellect...

The purpose of this study was to examine the sport experience for athletes with intellectual disabilities (ID) who participate in Special Olympics (SO). This study included a nationally representative sample of 1,307 families and 579 athletes in the U.S., focusing on sport involvement over the lifespan and motives for participating and for leaving SO. Athletes with ID are similar to athletes wi...

Disability is associated with negativity, discrimination, shame, and stigma in townships, which impacts how parents interpret it when their child has a disability. Parents who have recently learned of children’s intellectual disability often experience psychological emotional trauma due to uncertainty lack knowledge understanding disabilities, including formalized policy-supported transition pr...

competition is against monopoly and intellectual property creates monopoly for intellectual property owner. this article had been paid cooperation between apparently contradictory policies. exhaustion, parallel imports, compulsory license, intellectual property exploitation contract that coincide with competition are methods of cooperation between intellectual property and competition law. comp...

this study builds on laufer and hulstijn’s (2001) motivational-cognitive construct of task-induced involvement in learning vocabulary and addresses itself to its strong claim that the depth of processing is the overriding factor in learning words. the paper first re-examines the effect of processing load and then of task type on the initial learning and retention of words. to do so, 60 efl lear...