The British National Health Service (NHS) before its 1990s internal-market reforms was a gridlock of perverse incentives. The internal market, an attempt to introduce some market incentives, stimulated much innovation in primary care commissioning and practice improvement and led to increased efficiency. However, its effects were quite limited, because the essential conditions for a market to o...

conclusions there are advantages in applying accrual-based accounting in the public sector which certainly depends on how this system is implemented in the sector. results developed countries have implemented accrual-based accounting and utilized the valid, reliable and practical information in accrual-based reporting in different areas such as price and tariffs setting, operational budgeting, ...

Access to land is a crucial determinant of poverty in poor, agrarian communities of developing countries. Hence, redistributive policies in many countries have focused on land reforms to ensure a more equitable distribution of land among the rural population. India, for example, embarked on an ambitious and extensive program of land reforms from the 1950s onwards. Prior research suggests that l...

Did the Hartz Reforms Speed-Up Job Creation? A Macro-Evaluation Using Empirical Matching Functions Starting in January 2003, Germany implemented the first two so-called Hartz reforms, followed by the third and fourth packages of Hartz reforms in January 2004 and January 2005, respectively. The aim of these reforms was to accelerate labor market flows and reduce unemployment duration. Without at...

This review examines the performance of the UK health care system. After presenting data on the level and distribution of resources, three topics are examined. The first is the lessons from international comparisons of evidence on expenditure, equity and health care outcomes. The second is the lessons from the recent internal market reforms. The third is the lessons from an analysis of the role...

This paper considers the effect of tort liability reforms on medical malpractice and general liability insurance markets. The primary reforms analyzed were damages caps and other liability reforms. These reforms decreased premiums, reduced losses, and improved the profitability of insurance companies based on evidence using detailed individual company by state data from the National Association...

Similarities and differences will be demonstrated between Chinese and Hungarian party-state systems. We define the role of reforms in the self-reproduction of both party-states. We shall demonstrate how different patterns of power distribution lead to the implementation of different reforms. We shall describe how these different reforms have created the Hungarian “Goulash communism” and the “Ch...

This paper analyses distributional effects of revenue-neutral tax reforms aimed at improving dietary quality and encouraging healthier grain consumption. Using data on household grain purchases, we analyse both the impact on dietary quality and the tax incidence among income groups of VAT reforms and excise duty reforms. The VAT reforms include subsidies of healthy products (products labelled w...

Please and Ch Summary. — Regarding scholarship on the political determinants of inequality, little attention has been paid to policy implementation. We examine the 2004 Chilean health reforms that sought to regulate private insurers, and measure their effects on gender and age inequality. We find that reforms intended to decrease these inequalities largely failed. Analysis of this failure demon...

This paper evaluates the impact of some key labor market reforms on rural-urban inequality and income distribution, using a household-disaggregated, recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of China. We also explore how these factor market reforms interact with product market reforms currently underway as part of China's WTO accession process. The simulation results show tha...